Akiki Nyabongo

 

Akiki Hosea Kanyarusoke Nyabongo ( c. 1907 – Ogwekkumi 2, 1975) yali munnayuganda munnabyabufuzi era omuwandiisi w’ebitabo. Yazaalibwa omulangira w’Obukama bwa Tooro mu Bugwanjuba bwa Uganda era yasomera mu yunivasite mu Amerika ne Bungereza. Omukugu mu by’enkula y’abantu eyatendekebwa mu Oxford, Nyabongo yalina ebifo by’obusomesa mu Amerika era n’agenda mu maaso n’okunoonyereza ku by’enkula y’abantu. Oluvannyuma yakomawo e Uganda, n'ayambako mu kwefuga kwayo okuva ku Bungereza era n'abeerawo okutuusa lwe yafa.

Akiki Nyabongo yakolagana n’abalwanirizi b’eddembe ab’enjawulo mu Afrika yonna "pan-African" (nga mw’otwalidde ne W.E.B Du Bois ne George Padmore ) era n’awagira mu lwatu okuva kwa africa u bufuzi bw'amatwale (African decolonization) n’okukulaakulana mu biwandiiko bye. Ekitabo kye ekyasinga okumanyika ye Africa Answers Back (1936), ekimu ku bitabo eby’olulimi Olungereza ebyasooka okuwandiikibwa omuwandiisi Munnayuganda. Omuzannyo guno gwalaba ensonga y’ebyobufuzi n’obuwangwa ekwatagana mu Afrika ey’amatwale (colonial Africa) ng’akabonero k’okukkiriza kwe mu bumu bwa Afirika. Nyabongo yakiikirira okwagala kw'abantu ba bugwanjuba bwa Uganda ( Tooro ) olw'eddembe ly'ebyobufuzi n'okuwuliza amaloboozi gaabwe mu nsi yonna.

Obuto n’okusoma kwe

Bendera y'Obukama bw'e Tooro

Maapu y'Obwakabaka bwa Tooro mu Uganda

Akiki Nyabongo yali mutabani w’omugenzi Kyembambe III, Omukama ow’Obwakabaka bwa Tooro mu bugwanjuba bwa Uganda. Yazaalibwa mu kibuga Fort Portal e Uganda mu 1907. Omulangira ono omuto yamaliriza siniya mu King's College e Budo mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa. Amasomo g'awaggulu yagasomera ku Howard University (gye yaggya Diguli Esooka) ne Yale . Yasomera mu Harvard University okufuna diguli ye eyookubiri n'eyookusatu oba PhD mu by'obutonde mu Queen's College, ku ttendekkero lya The University of Oxford. Mu 1937, ekitongole kya Rhodes Trust kyatandika okuwagira emisomo gye olw’okusoma kwe okwali okulungi eyo. Nyabongo yatikkirwa mu 1939 mu Oxford n'ebbaluwa eyitibwa "The Religious Practices and Beliefs of Ugandans" . Okunoonyereza kuno kwekenneenya mu bujjuvu eddiini mu Uganda, enzikiriza, n’obuwangwa. Kyatenderezebwa ng’ekyokulabirako ky'Okunoonyereza n'okumanya embeera z'obuwangwa (autoetnography) nga kirimu omuwendo gw’eby’ensoma ogutenkanika bulungi.

Emirimu gye

Oluvannyuma lw’okumaliriza diguli ye ey’okusatu (doctorate), okwawukana ku gavumenti y’amatwale ga Bungereza (British colonial government) eyali eyagala okumukomyaawo e Uganda, yasenguka n’abeera mu Brooklyn, ekibuga kya New York, mu 1940. Mu myaka gya 1940, yali pulofeesa mu Yunivasite y’e Alabama n’oluvannyuma mu North Carolina A&T University .

Mu 1957, yakomawo mu Uganda okuyambako mu kuteesa okwefuga okuva ku Bungereza. Mu 1959, Nyabongo yadduka mu Uganda olw'ebyokwerinda. Yatandika okukola nga pulofeesa w’Essomo ly'entabaganya (sociology) n’obuwangwa (culture) mu yunivasite y’e Leiden e Hague mu Budaaki (Netherlands). Nga 1962 tannatuuka, yakolera ku kakiiko ka ssemateeka akalondoola obwetwaze bwa Uganda. Oluvannyuma Nyabongo yeesimbawo ku bwa nnamunigina ku kifo kya palamenti mu bukiikaddyo bwa Tooro, ekitundu ekiriraanye ekibuga kye Fort Portal n’awangulwa. Nyabongo emirimu gye gyonna yagimala mu Uganda, nga ssentebe w’akakiiko ka gavumenti ya Uganda akategeka ebibuga n’ensi okutuusa lwe yafa mu 1975.

Okulwanirira ebyobufuzi

Okukwatagana kwe n’abalwanirizi b’eddembe

"Bendera y'obumu mu mawanga ga Africa" eyatondebwawo ekibiina ekigatta abaddugavu ekya Universal Negro Improvement Association ne African Communities League

Nyabongo yabeeranga mu bulamu obw’ensi yonna (global life). Yakolagana n’abalwanirizi b’eddembe ly’obuntu abamanyiddwa era n’agabana emirimu gye yawandiika mu Uganda, America, n'Obugwanjuba bwa Bulaaya. Yabeeranga era n’akolagana ne George Padmore era n’akolagana ne W.E.B Du Bois ku pulojekiti ya "latter's abortive project, Encyclopedia of the Negro". Nyabongo yasomooza obufuzi bw’amatwale era n’ayongera emboozi ezikwata ku nkola y’ensi yonna (Internationalism) ey’Abaddugavu ng’ayita mu bitabo bino, enkolagana, n’ebbaluwa. Nyabongo era yayanjula omulwanirizi w’eddembe ly’obuntu Eslanda Goode Robeson mu Uganda mu lugendo lwe ku lukalu lwa Africa mu 1936.

Mu 1936, bwe yali amaliriza ebbaluwa ku mpisa z’eddiini za Uganda mu Queen’s College, Oxford, era nga wayise omwaka gumu ng’afulumya ekitabo kye ekyasooka "The Story of an African Chief (re-titled Africa answers back )", Nyabongo yaweereza ebbaluwa eri Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), omuyimbi Omubengali. Ebbaluwa eno yasaba okuvvuunulwa kw’ekitontome ekirimu empisa Tagore kye yayiiya ku Afirika okubunyisa ekiwandiiko ekyo eri Abafirika bonna. Ekitontome kino kyawakanya Benito Mussolini okulumba Ethiopia (mu kiseera ekyo Abyssinia ) era ne kivumirira effujjo eryategekebwa amagye ga Bwakabaka bwa Bulaaya ku ssemazinga wa Afirika. Mu kwanukula Tagore Nyabongo, yagondera okusaba kwa Nyabongo. Olw'ebbaluwa eno, amawulire g'e Bungereza aga The Spectator gaafulumya "To Africa," enkyusa y'Olungereza ey'ekitontome ekyasooka ekyavvuunulwa Tagore nga May 7, 1937.

Okwetaba mu byobufuzi

Mu 1945, Akiki Nyabongo yawa omulimu mu Ttabamiruka w’Abafuzi b’amatwale Du Bois ne NAACP gwe baayita mu New York mu Gwokuna 6 ku ttabi lya 135th Street mu tterekero ly’ebitabo erya New York Public Library. Yali mmemba ku kakiiko akasalawo era yayambako okulaga ensonga nnya ezaali ziwagira okulwanyisa obufuzi bw’amatwale (Decolonization) n’enkulaakulana y’amawanga ga Afrika. Ensonga zino zaasindikibwa mu mawulire ag’enjawulo era okukkakkana nga zayanjuddwa mu lukungaana lw’e San Francisco.

Akiki Nyabongo yali mmemba wa maanyi era nga yayamba nnyo mu kibiina ky’abayizi ekya Universal Ethiopian Student’s Association (UESA), ekyatandikibwawo abamanyi abalwanirizi b’eddembe okuva mu Amerika, Caribbeans, ne Africa, mu Harlem, New York, mu 1927. Mu January 1947, Nyabongo yaweereza ng’omuwandiisi omukulu mu kitabo ekikulu ekya UESA: The African: The Journal of African Affairs . Obuwandiisi bwe bwali kabonero k’abagezigezi Abaddugavu bonna okufaayo ku mbeera y’ebyobufuzi eyali efuuse ey’okusika omuguwa mu Afrika. Nyabongo yayambako mu kusengulwa kuno bwe yalagira ekitabo kino okussa essira ku byobufuzi bya Afrika. Ekirala, bwe yawandiika okwekenneenya ebitabo ku sikaala z’abavubuka aba Africa abamanyiddwa ennyo ezasemba UESA, nga WEB Du Bois’s Black Folk Then and Now, Nyabongo yagezaako okulwanirira obumu mu bantu b’Abaddugavu bonna. Agenda zombi zaddamu omulanga gw’ekitabo kino ogw’okusumululwa, okuggwaawo kw’obufuzi bwa mawanga, okufuula Abafirika abali mu nsi endala abantu, n’okukulaakulanya amawanga ga Afrika.

Endowooza ye ku byobufuzi

Akiki Nyabongo yalwanirira obumu bw’amawanga n’amadiini. Nyabongo era yali akwatagana n'abakiise mu kibiina kya African Association era n'awagira olulimi olumu wonna, olw'ekuusa ku bwasseruganda, nga tewali "kika kilwanyisa bika" oba "ebiwayi ebiwakanya ebiwayi". Endowooza eno yakwata butereevu ku mawanga mangi ag’obuvanjuba bwa Afrika nga galina amawanga mangi, omuli ekitongole kya Bungereza ekya Uganda Protectorate n’Obwakabaka bwa Tooro. Ng’aluŋŋamizibwa Dr. James Aggrey n’enjigiriza ye ku ndaba ye ey'ebintu ku bumu n’okuzingiramu ssemazinga wa Africa yenna, Akiki Nyabongo yayongera okuggumiza nti tewalina kubaawo kuyomba kwa ddiini mu Bannafirika era n’enzikiriza y’eddiini y’omuntu erina okussibwamu ekitiibwa. Yasindiikiriza okuyingiza eddiini mu nteekateeka ze ez’ebyobufuzi. Ku Nyabongo, okuyingiza eddiini mu bantu bonna yali ngeri nkulu nnyo ey’okutumbula obulamu obulungi obw’awamu obwa ssemazinga yenna. Enjawulo eyasangulwa wakati w’embeera z’abantu yaleetawo enjawulo y’Afirika ey’okugabana, nga ewagira okuzuukuka kw’ebyobufuzi mu Afrika yonna.

Ebiwandiiko n’okunoonyereza kwe

Akiki Nyabongo yali muwandiisi era omuwandiisi omujjumbize. Y’omu ku bawandiisi mu Uganda abaasooka okufulumya ekitabo ky’Olungereza, era ye yali omuwandiisi omukulu mu lupapula lwa The African Magazine . Omulimu gwe ogusinga okumanyika gwe kitabo "Story of an African Chief", ekyafulumizibwa mu 1935, ekyaddamu okufulumizibwa mu 1936 wansi w’omutwe "Africa Answers Back".

Olugero luno olukwata ku bulamu bw’omuntu (semi-autobiographical novel) luteekeddwa mu Buganda era nga lugoberera emboozi y’obulamu bwa Abala Stanley Mujungu: mutabani w’omutaka Omuganda alinnya ku ntebe. Omuzannyi omukulu alwanagana n’endagamuntu ye mu bulamu bwe bwonna, ng’agezaako okutebenkeza empisa enzaalwa ezaasimbibwa bazadde be n’ebikosa Obukristaayo n’obuwangwa bw’amawanga g’obugwanjuba okuva mu baminsani b’omu kitundu. Enkola z’okumanya eza Afirika n’Abazungu zikontana enfunda eziwera mu butakkaanya mu kitabo kyonna. Mu kifaananyi ekimu, omuzannyi omukulu, Mujungu, eyaakalondebwa okuba omukulu, asaba omusawo w’omu kitundu okujjanjaba omukono gw’omusajja eyamenyese oluvannyuma lw’okulaba omusawo Omuzungu ng’agusibye ne bandegi. Omusawo Omugirimaani alaga okwewuunya, nga tasobola kutegeera nkola ndala ey’obujjanjabi nga takozesezza bandegi. Abasawo Abagirimaani n’Abangereza basaba okutuula mu bayige engeri omusawo w’omu kitundu gy’agenda okulongoosaamu, nga bakozesa obumanyirivu obwo ng’omukisa gw’okuyiga. Ekifo kino kiraga ekyokulabirako ky’obutuufu bw’enkola z’okumanya ez’obusawo mu Afirika bw’ogeraageranya n’obusawo bw’amawanga g’obugwanjuba; omulamwa Nyabongo gw'aberezaamu mu lunyiriri lwonna.

Enkolagana y'eddiini mu kya Africa Answers Back

Enkolagana y'eddiini (Religious syncretism), okuyingiza enkola z’eddiini bbiri ezitakwatagana (okugeza, emikolo) mu nkola emu ekwatagana, gwali mulamwa gwa maanyi ogweyolekera mu Africa yonna Answers Back mu kunnyonnyola okugatta enkola z’eddiini z’Ekikristaayo n’ez’Afirika mu Uganda. Endowooza eno elagibwa ku ntandikwa y’olugero ng’omukulu atuuma mutabani we erinnya, omuzannyi omukulu mu lunyiriri luno Abala Stanley Mujungu. "Abala" lyali linnya lya nnono mu Uganda, so nga Stanley lyasibuka ku mulangira okwagala ennyo omuminsani Omukristaayo ayitibwa Stanley.

Okwaniriza kw'ekitabo kye ekya Africa Answers Back

Africa Answers Back y’emu ku bitabo by’Olungereza ebyasooka ebirina endowooza y’Abafirica ku byali byogerwa abafuzi b’amatwale. Omuzannyo guno gutwalibwa nga "ekiwandiiko ekikulu eky'ebiwandiiko bya Afirika eby'oluvannyuma lw'amatwale "Postcolonial literature" " nga guvumirira endowooza z'obuwangwa n'amawanga mu kiseera ekyo ezaali zitambula mu masomo n'abantu.

Wadde atenderezebwa okuva mu nsi y’ebiwandiiko, Nyabongo asanga okunenya olw’olugero luno. Omukugu mu by’ebiwandiiko Martina Kopf awoza nti Nyabongo yakwata enkola efaananako n’ebitongole by’amatwale bye yavumirira. Essira yaliteeka ku by’obujjanjabi, ng’omusajja eyalumizibbwa teyayingizibwa mu mboozi ekwata ku bujjanjabi bwe. Wabula, omukulu yakwata enkola okuva waggulu okudda wansi, ng’akozesa okuteebereza n’okusosola okumanyisa okusalawo kwe ku lw’abantu b’oku kyalo kye, okufaananako n’okusalawo okw’ekimpatiira okw’ebitongole by’amatwale. Ekirala, Nyabongo okukozesa ekigambo ‘savage’ mu lunyiriri lwonna kyaleka abamanyi nga Mahruba T. Mowtushi nga babuusabuusa amakulu amabi ag’abantu b’omu kitundu okwawukana ku bantu ‘abakulembeze’.

Omukenkufu Danson Sylvester Kahyana yawa okwekenneenya okujjuvu ku kitabo kino. Essira yaliteka ku by’obusawo n’agamba nti Akiki Nyabongo okulwanirira okuleeta eddagala ly’amawanga g’obugwanjuba kwalaga enzikiriza ye ey’enjawulo mu buwangwa bw’amawanga g’obugwanjuba obukosa obulungi embeera z’abantu mu Afirika. Naye, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo alwanyisa obufuzi bw’amatwale okusinga alaba ebyenjigiriza by’amawanga g’obugwanjuba ng’okusoomoozebwa eri okuwangaala kw’emisingi, empisa, n’enzikiriza z’Afirika ezikola okumala ebyasa bingi.

Pulojekiti ze endala

Nyabongo yafulumya ebitabo by’enfumo ebitonotono mu myaka gya 1930. Mu 1937, yafulumya Emboozi za Bisoro (1937), n’addirira Emboozi za Bisoro II (1939) Empewo n'amataala: Enfumo z'Afirika zafulumizibwa mu 1939.

Nyabongo era yafulumya ekiwandiiko ekitannaba kufulumizibwa, "Yali the Savage", ekyagenderera okwanjula munnakatemba, omuyimbi era omulwanirizi w’eddembe Omumerika Paul Robeson. Ebbago lino kati likuumiddwa mu tterekero ly'ebitabo erya Queen's College erya "The Nyabongo Papers". Pulojekiti y’omuwandiisi eyasembayo okumanyibwa eyafulumizibwa yali kitabo eky’olulimi Olutooro, Oruhenda, ekyannyonnyola obuwangwa bw’ekitundu ky’e Tooro, ennono, n’olulimi lw’olubiri olw’ekyama.

Ng’omukugu mu by’enkula y’abantu eyatendekebwa mu Oxford, Nyabongo lumu yanoonyereza ku Ebito, olulimi lwa Uganda olw’edda olwesigama ku bimuli. Mu kunoonyereza kuno, teyafaayo ku ndagamuntu ye ng’omulwanirizi w’ebyobufuzi mu Afrika yonna kyokka ng’ategeeza kuteesa ku ntambula n’okukwatagana kwa Uganda ey’edda ng’ayita mu nkola z’obuwangwa ezikwatagana. Kyokka Nyabongo yalemererwa okumaliriza okunoonyereza kuno. Pulojekiti eno teyaliimu nsimbi. Ekisinga obukulu, Obwakabaka bwa Tooro bwamusaba addeyo mu Uganda ayambeko mu kuteesa okwefuga okuva ku Bungereza.

Okufa kwe

Akiki Nyabongo yafiira mu ddwaliro e Jinja mu Uganda omwezi nga 2O gwekkumi, 1975, ku myaka 65.

Yaleka mukyala we Ada Naomi Nyabongo ne mutabani we Amoti Nyabongo.

Ebitabo bye ebyalondebwa

• Emboozi y’Omulangira w’Afirika (1935), n’eddamu okufulumizibwa n’etuumibwa erinnya lya Africa Answers Back (1936);
• Bisoro I (1937);
• Bisoro II (1939);.
• Empewo n’amataala: Enfumo z’Afirika (1939).

Ebikozesebwa mu kutereka ebyafaayo

"Empapula za Nyabongo" tterekero lya Queen's College eririmu emisomo gya Akiki Nyabongo, okuwandiika ebbago, ebitabo ebifulumiziddwa, n'ebifaananyi ebimukwatako. Ettendekero lino lyalonda ebimu ku bikung’aanyiziddwa mu mwoleso omutono mu Gwekkumi wa 2021 okujjukira omwezi gw’ebyafaayo by’abaddugavu.

Ebisingawo okusoma

• Nyabongo, Akiki H.K. (1936). Africa Answers Back. London: Routledge & Sons.
• Nyabongo, Akiki H.K. (1939). Winds and Lights: African Fairy Tales. New York: The Voice of Ethiopia.