Amadinda

  

Amadinda wamu n'obugakuba obw'enjawulo

Amadinda ( mu lulimi Olu Greek olw’edda ξύλον lit. ' eddoboozi ly'obubaawo' ) kino kivuga ekigwa mu ttuluba ly'ebivuga ebikolebwa mu emiti nga bikubibwa obuti okuvaamu amaloboozi. Buli kabaawo kaba ddinda ly'anjawulo erikolebwa okusobola okuvaamu eddoboozi ery'enjawulo omuli erya pentatonic oba heptatonic mu mbeera y’ebivuga bingi eby’Afirica ne Asia, diatonic mu bivuga bingi eby’abaana ab’amawanga g’omubugwanjuba, oba chromatic okukozesebwa mu kibiina ky’abayimbi.

Erinnya amadinda liyinza okukozesebwa okutwalira awamu, okuzingiramu ebivuga byonna ng’ebyo okugeza nga marimba, balafon kwossa ne semantron . Naye mu kibiina ky’abayimbi, ekigambo madinda kitegeeza nnyo ekivuga ekivaamu eddoboozi ery'awaggulu erisingako katono ku buwanvu era nga gaba gakoleddwa embaawo enkalu okusinga marimba, era ebivuga bino ebibiri tebisaanidde kutabulwa. Omuntu akuba amadinda amanyiddwa nga xylophonist oba mu njogera ennyamgu ayitibwa mukubi w'amadinda.

Erinnya lino era likozesebwa nnyo okutegeeza ebivuga ebifaanagana eby’ekika kya lithophone ne metallophone . Okugeza, Pixiphone n’eby’okuzannyisa bingi ebifaananako bwe bityo ababikola bye baayogerako nga amadinda agalina ebyuma mu kifo ky'embaawo, era bwe kityo mu lulimi lw'ebivuga bitwalibwa nga glockenspiels mu kifo ky'amadinda.

Enzimba yaago

E Cameroon, ~1914

Amadinda ag'omulembe mu mawanga g'omu bugwanjuba galina embaawo eziva mu miti gya rosewood, padauk, cocobolo, oba ebintu eby’enjawulo ebikoleddwa nga fiberglass oba fiberglass-reinforced plastic ekisobozesa eddoboozi ery’amaanyi. Ebimu bisobola okuba ebitono nga octaves naye xylophones z’ebivvulu zitera okuba oba 4 octaves. Okufaananako ne glockenspiel, amadinda kivuga kivuga ekiyimusa amaloboozi: ebitundu byakyo biwandiikibwa octave emu wansi w’ennukuta eziwulikika.

Amadinga g'oku bivvulu galina obuuma obwongera ku maloboozi agavaamu wansi w’embaawo okutumbula obuwanvu bw'eddoboozi n’okulikuuma. Fuleemu zikolebwa mu mbaawo oba obuuma obutali bwa bbeeyi nnene: amadinga ag'ebbeeyi gaba m'ongeremu mu buwanvu era gaba g'ongeddwamu obunywevu ku ttaka. Mu nkola z'abayimbi endala bakozesa nsaasi nga zeezikola mu kuyamba okwongera eddoboozi. Amadinga amalala gaba ga kika kya "trough" nga gaba ne'kituli kimu ekikola ku kwongeza amaloboozi eri obuuma bwonna. Enkola enkadde zaalimu okusengeka embaawo wamu ku , era, n’okutuusa kati kikolebwa n’okutuusa kati, okuteeka embaawo nga ziriraanaganye mu nsengeka eringa ey'amadaala. Obuti obugakuba edda bw'akolebwanga Ensigo ez’edda zaakolebwanga mu mbaawo z’omuti gwa willow nga ku nkomerero zazo kuliko ebibya ebiringa ekijiiko.

Mallets

Amadinda galina okukubwa n'obuti bwa labba, polyball oba acrylic. Oluusi obuti bwa labba ali wakatikkati n'omugumu ennyo oba obw’obuwuzi bwe bikozesebwa okukola amaloboozi amagonvu. amaloboozi amagonvu gasobola okukolebwa ku madinda nga bakozesa obuti obuliko emitwe egy’embaawo ezikoleddwa mu muti gwa rosewood, ebony, birch oba emiti emirala emigumu.

Ebyafaayo by'ago

Kulintang a Kayo, eddoboozi ly’e Philippines erya xylophone

Ekivuga kino kirina ensibuko y’edda etamanyiddwa. Nettl yagamba nti yasibuka mu bukiikaddyo bw’obuvanjuba bwa Asia n’ejja mu Afrika c. AD 500 ekibinja ky’abantu aboogera Oluaustronesia bwe baasenguka ne bagenda mu Afirica, ne bageraageranya ebibiina by’abakubi b'amadinda ab’omu Buvanjuba bwa Africa n’ebibiina by’abazannyi baago mu aba gamelan ab'e Javanese ne Balinese.  : 1 . 18–19, 19 . 100 Endowooza eno yasoomoozebwa omukugu mu nnyimba z’amawanga era omukugu mu nnimi Roger Blench, nga agamba nti ensibuko eyetongodde ey'amadinda eri mu Africa, ng’awa, mu bujulizi obw’okuyiiya mu kitundu, ebifaananyi eby’enjawulo eby'amadinda ga Afirica n’ebika by'amadinda eby’enjawulo ennyo n’ebivuga ebiringa amadinda mu Afirica.

Amadinda g'omu Asia

Obujulizi obusooka ku madinda amatuufu bwava mu kyasa eky’omwenda mu bukiikaddyo bw’obuvanjuba bwa Asia, ate ekivuga eky’embaawo ekiwaniriddwa ekifaananako bwe kityo, ekika kya harmonicon, kigambibwa nti Vienna Symphonic Library kyaliwo mu 2000 BC mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa China. Ranat eringa xylophone yakozesebwa mu bitundu by’Abahindu (kashta tharang). Mu Indonesia, ebitundu bitono ebirina ekika kyabyo ekya xylophones. Mu North Sumatra, Abantu b'e Toba Batak bakozesa ebyuma ebiyitibwa xylophones eby'embaawo ebimanyiddwa nga Garantung (ebiwandiikiddwa: "garattung"). Java ne Bali bakozesa ennukuta za xylophones (eziyitibwa gambang, Rindik ne Tingklik ) mu nsengeka za gamelan . Zikyalina amakulu ag’ennono mu Malaysia, Melanesia, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, n’ebitundu by’Amerika. Mu Myanmar, xylophone emanyiddwa nga Pattala era mu bujjuvu ekolebwa mu miwemba.

Amadinda ga Africa

African Xylophone era emanyiddwa nga Ogbongelenge ekika ky’Abaigbo. Pulojekiti ya AID

The term marimba is also applied to various traditional folk instruments such as the West Africa balafon. Early forms were constructed of bars atop a gourd. The wood is first roasted around a fire before shaping the key to achieve the desired tone. The resonator is tuned to the key through careful choice of size of resonator, adjustment of the diameter of the mouth of the resonator using wasp wax and adjustment of the height of the key above the resonator. A skilled maker can produce startling amplification. The mallets used to play dibinda and mbila have heads made from natural rubber taken from a wild creeping plant. "Interlocking" or alternating rhythm features in Eastern African xylophone music such as that of the Makonde dimbila, the Yao mangolongondo or the Shirima mangwilo in which the opachera, the initial caller, is responded to by another player, the wakulela. This usually doubles an already rapid rhythmic pulse that may also co-exist with a counter-rhythm.

Mbila

Tibila

Mbila (mu bungi "timbila") kika ekikwatagana n'abantu b'e Chopi ab'omu ssaza ly'e Inhambane, mu bukiikaddyo bwa Mozambique. Tekirina kutabulwa na mbira . Omusono gw’onvuga yaago n'ennyimba eziyimbirwako kigireetera okuba nga y'enkola esinga okuba enzibu oba eyeekikugu kyokka nga esanngibwa mu bantu abatali baayivu bulungi. Amadinda gano ag'e Mozambiquegakubibwa mu bibinja ebinene ku mazina amayiiye obulungi, oba oly'awo nga galaga emizannyo egikwata ku byafaayo. Ebibinja by'abazinnyi bibaamu amadinda agawera nga kkumi ag'obunene obwa sayizi ssatu oba nnya. Ekibiina ky’abayimbi ekijjuvu kiyinza okuba n'ebivuga bibiri ebya bass ebiyitibwa gulu nga biriko ebisumuluzo by’embaawo bisatu oba bina ebikubibwa nga bayimiridde nga bakozesa obuti obukuba obuzito obuliko emitwe gya labba emigumu, tenor dibinda ssatu, nga biriko ebisumuluzo kkumi era nga bikubibwa nga batudde, ne mbila yennyini, erimu ebisumuluzo ebituuka ku kkumi na mwenda nga ku bino okutuuka ku munaana biyinza okukubibwa omulundi gumu. Gulu ekozesa ensaasi, ate mbila ne dibinda Masala bakozesa bisusunku by’amakovu amatono nga ebyongeza ku maloboozi. Ziwerekera amazina n’ennyimba z'ennono empanvu ebiyitibwa ngomi oba mgodo era nga zirimu ebitundu by’ennyimba nga kkumi nga ziteereddwa mu bibinja 4 ez’enjawulo, nga biriko ‘oluyimba oba omuzannyo oba amazina agaggulawo’, mu kudduka kw'ebivuga bino n’emisono egy’enjawulo. Omukulembeze w’ekibiina aweereza ng’omutontomi, omuyimbi, ayimbisa banne n’omuzannyi, ng’akola ekiwandiiko, ayiiya oluyimba nga mu ngeri emu lwekuusa ku mpulikika y'olulimi lw'aba Chopi n’okuyiiya layini eyookubiri ey’okugatta emidigido. Abayimbi b’ekibiina kino bayiiya ekitundu ku bitundu byabwe. Olwo omuyimbi yeebuuza ku muyiiya w'amazina ow'omukolo ogwo era enkyukakyuka ne zikolebwa. Ekisinga obuwanvu era ekisinga obukulu ku bino ye "Mzeno" eba egenda okubeeramu oluyimba olunyumya ku nsonga ey'omugaso mu kitundu oba n'okusaagira ku muntu omututumufu mu kitundu! Abayimbi kuliko Eduardo Durão ne Venancio Mbande.

Gyil

Enkola y'ekivuga kino efaananako n’eya Balaba oba Balafon ekikozesebwa abantu aboogera Olumande nga ba -Bambara, Dyula n'aba Sosso mu bitundu eby'ewala mu Bugwanjuba mu bitundu by'Oukiikaddyo bwa Mali n’obugwanjuba bwa Burkina Faso, ekitundu ekirimu ennono nnyingi ez’ennyimba n’ez’omu bukiikakkono bwa Ivory Coast ne Ghana. Kikolebwa n’ebisumuluzo by’embaawo 14 eby’omuti omugumu ogw’omu Afirica oguyitibwa liga nga biteekebwa ku lubaawo nga wansi wabaayo ensaasi nga zirengejja. Ensaasi ziba n'obusaanikira obwa sirika nga bulinga ennyumba za nnabbubi obuyamba okuvaamu eddoboozo erisaala ne bakozesa eddiba ly'engabi okusiba okunyweza. Ekivuga kino kikubiddwa n’obuti bw’embaawo obuliko emitwe gya labba.

Silimba

Silimba mu katale k’e Zambia

Silimba g'emadinda agakozesebwa ennyo mu bantu abayitibwa ab'aNkoya n'Abalozi ab'e Barotseland mu bugwanjuba bwa Zambia . Ebisumuluzo ebiteekeddwateekeddwa bisibibwa waggulu w'ensaasi ezivuga. Gano nga gamanyiddwa nga shinjimba mu ba Nkoya, nga gakubibwa ku Kazanga, omukolo gw’obwakabaka ogw’ennono ogw’Abankoya. Silimba kitundu kikulu nnyo mu nnono z’ennyimba z’obuwangwa ez’abantu b’e Lozi era osobola okugiwulira ku mukolo gw'abwe ogw’e Kuomboka ogutegekebwa buli mwaka. Silimba kati ekozesebwa mu bitundu bya Zambia ebisinga obungi.

Akadinda, amadinda ne mbaire

Akadinda, amadinda nga bwe gayitibwa mu luganda bivuga ebisibuka mu Buganda, nga eyitibwa Uganda omulembe guno . Amadinda gakolebwa galina emiti kkumineebiri nga gino gipangibwa ku kintu kya njuyi ttaano. Okusinga gakubibwa abantu basatu. Abakubi babiri batuula nga buli omu atunudde mu munne ne bakugakuba mu ngeri ekwatagana ku misinde egy'awaggulu. Tegaba na nsaasi oba ddoboozi lyonna lisaala, nga zino z'embeera ebbiri ez'amadinda mangi aga Afirica.

Amadinda kyali kivuga kikulu mu kkooti y’obwakabaka bwa Buganda, obwakabaka obusangibwa mu Uganda. Ekika ky’empulikika eky’enjawulo kati kikozesebwa ku madinda gano, nga kirimu ennamba n'ebiseera. nga bwe kiri ne ku madinda agayitibwa embaire, nga kino kika ekisibuka mu bukiikaddyo bwa Uganda.

Balo

Balo ( balenjeh, behlanjeh ) kino kika ekikozesebwa mu bantu b’e Mandinka mu maserengeta ga Africa. Ebisumuluzo byakyo biteekebwa ku nsaasi, era kikubwa n'obuti nga bulina emitwe emikole mu labba. Abakubi bakyo batera okwambala mu ngalo obude obwekyuma ku mikono gyabwe busobole okuvaamu amaloboozi nga nwe bakuba.

Amadinda G'abazungu

Xylophone y’abayimbi (ku kkono) ne marimba (ku ddyo) .

Okusooka okwogerwako kw'amadinda mu Bulaaya kwali mu kitabo kya Arnolt Schlick ekya Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten (1511), gye gyitibwa hültze glechter ("okuwuuma kw'embaawo"). Waliwo ennyinnyonnyola endala ezikwata ku kivuga kino, wadde ng'ekigambo "amadinda" tekyakozesebwa okutuuka mu myaka gya 1860. Ekivuga kino kyali kikwatagana nnyo n'ennyimba z'ekinnansi ez'amasekkati ga Bulaaya, naddala mu Poland n'obuvanjuba bwa Bugirimaani. Ekika ekyasooka kyali mu Slovakia  : 98. Ekivuga ekyali kisimbuddwa mu kkyo kyajjira mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.

Okusooka okukozesa amadinda mu kibiina ky'abayimbi n'abakubi b'ebivuga Abazungu kwali mu Camille Saint-Saëns’ Danse Macabre, mu 1874. Mu kiseera ekyo, ekivuga kino kyali kyamanyizibwa dda Michael Josef Gusikov okutuuka ku ddaala erimu, nga ekivuga ekikye kyali ky'amadinda agaalina enkuubo ettaano agaakolebwa mu mbaawo 28 nga zisengekeddwa mu ngeri ya semitones mu ngeri ya trapezoid era nga zitudde ziwaniriddwa obuntu obulinda obuseke. Tewaaliwo byongera ku maloboozi era nga gakubibwa mangu n’obuti owali bufaanana ng’ejiiko. Okusinziira ku mukugu mu by’ennyimba Curt Sachs, Gusikov yayimbira mu bivvulu by’omu bifo awawummulirwa, mu ndaga ez’enjawulo, era ng’ekikolwa eky'enjawulo mu bivvulu eby'amaloboozi.

Amadinda g'omu bazungu gaakozesebwanga bbandi za jjaazi ezaasooka ne mu vaudeville . Eddoboozi lyago eriwulikika obulungi lyakolanga bulungi mu nnyimba z’emyaka gya 1920 ne 1930. Red Norvo, George Cary, George Hamilton Green, Teddy Brown, Harry Breuer ne Harry Robbins be bamu ku bakubi baago abaali bamanyiddwa ennyo. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, amadinga gano wajjawo ekika ky'ekivuga ekiyitibwa metal-key vibraphone, eky'agayitako mu kwatiikirira nga kino kyakolebwa mu myaka gya 1920. Ekika ky'amadinda gyegagenda gakendeera gaafuuka marimba era ne gayitibwa xylorimba .

Mu kugaba obubonero mu bivuga, amadinda oba xylophone esobola okwogerwako Abafalansa aba claquebois, Abagirimaani aba Holzharmonika (mu bufunze "ekivuga eky'embaawo"), oba Silofono mu Yitale. Shostakovich yali ayagala nnyo ekivuga kino; kirina emirimu egy’amaanyi mu mirimu gye mingi, omuli n’ennyimba ze ezisinga obungi eza symphony ne Cello Concerto No. 2 ye. Xylophone era ekola kinene mu mazina ga Khachaturian aga Sabre Dance . Abazannyi ba xylophone ab’omulembe guno kuliko Bob Becker, Evelyn Glennie ne Ian Finkel.

Mu Amerika, waliyo bbandi za marimba ez’e Zimbabwe ezisinga obungi mu Pacific Northwest, Colorado, ne New Mexico, okusinga bbandi ziriyo okuva ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba okuyita mu California n’okutuuka e Hawaii ne Alaska. Omukolo omukulu mu ekitundu gwe gwa ZimFest, ekivvulu ky’ennyimba eky'abantu abava mu Zimbabwe ekitegekebwa buli mwaka. Bbandi zino zirina ebivuga okuva ku soprano eya waggulu, okutuuka ku soprano eya wansi, tenor, baritone ne bass. Eby'ongera ku maloboozi bitera okukolebwa nga birina obutuli obubikkiddwa ne cellophane omutono (efaananako ne balafon ) okusobola okutuuka ku ddoboozi erisaala. Amazina n'ennyimba n'ebiragibwa ebirala ebya bbandi za Amerika bitera okuba n’okukwatagana okunene, olw’okuba nga biva wa muntu omu omuyimbi Omuzimbabwe ayitibwa Dumisani Maraire, eyali omuntu omukulu eyasooka okuleeta ennyimba ezo eza Zimbabwe mu mawanga g’Obugwanjuba, ng’ajja mu Yunivasite y’e Washington mu 1968.

Enkozesa yaago mu by’enjigiriza eby'awansi

Amadinda asatu aga Orff-Schulwerk ez’enjawulo.

Abasomesa b'ebivuga n'ennyimba bangi ku nnyimba bakozesa ebyuma ebiyitibwa amadinda ng’ekintu eky’okukozesa mu kibiina okuyamba abaana okukula mu nnyimba. Enkola emu emanyiddwa olw’okukozesa ebyuma ebiyitibwa xylophones ye Orff-Schulwerk, egatta enkozesa y’ebivuga, entambula, okuyimba n’okwogera okutumbula obusobozi bw’abaana mu kuyimba. Amadinda agakozesebwa mu bibiina by’ennyimba ez’enjawulo mu Amerika matono, nga octaves, okusinga oba okusingawo octave range y'amadinda ezikola. Amadinda ga bass gakyukakyuka erra enjawulo zino ziwandiikibwa okuva ku middle C okutuuka ku A octave waggulu naye nga ziwulikika octave emu wansi okusinga ku ziwandiikiddwa. Ennyiriri za alto ziwandiikibwa okuva ku C wakati okutuuka ku A octave waggulu era ziwulikika nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa. Ennyiriri za soprano ziwandiikibwa okuva ku C wakati okutuuka ku A octave emu waggulu naye nga ziwulikika octave emu waggulu okusinga eziwandiikiddwa.

Okusinziira ku Andrew Tracey, aga marimbas gaayingizibwa mu Zimbabwe mu 1960. Marimba ag'e Zimbabwe geesigamiziddwa ku nnyimba z’Abashona era nago gafuuse ga ttutumu mu mawanga g’obugwanjuba, agaatwala enkozesa y’ebivuga bino mu kusooka okukuba ebiwandiiko by’ennyimba gwa mbira dzavadzimu (nga kw’otadde n’ennyimba za nyunga nyunga ne matepe ). Ebiwandiiko bino ebisooka mu kusooka byali bikozesebwa mu kusomesa ennyimba mu Zimbabwe. Ebivuga by’e Zimbabwe bitera okuba mu minzaani ya diatonic C major, ekibisobozesa okukubirwa ne mbira ‘western-tuned’ (G nyamaropa), oluusi nga kwongerako ekisumuluzo kya F ♯ ekiteekeddwa mu layini.

Laba ne

• Amayinja g'ennyimba aga Skiddaw
• Taroko Tatuk, omuwandiisi w’ebitabo

Ebijuliziddwa mu bulambalamba

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• Paco, Celso (2000). "A Luta Continua". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides Ltd., Penguin Books. pp. 579–584. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
• Tracey, Hugh (1948). Chopi Musicians: their Music, Poetry, and Instruments (1970 ed.). London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197241820.
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