America

Amereka

sovereign state, country

Part of	North America
Inception	12 Gwakutaano(Muzigo) 1784
Official name	the United States of America
Erinnya mu bufunze	USA, U.S.
IPA transcription	ʉːɛˈsɑː, ˈmeɪɹ.ɹɪkə
Eggwanga lye	White Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans in the United States
Named after	Americas
Official language	Hawaiian, Spanish
Anthem	The Star-Spangled Banner
Culture	culture of the United States
Motto	In God We Trust, E pluribus unum
Motto text	In God We Trust
Continent	North America
Egwanga	Amereka
Capital	Washington, D.C.
Located in or next to body of water	Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean
Coordinate location	39°49′41″N 98°34′46″W
Coordinates of geographic center	44°58′2″N 103°46′18″W
Coordinates of easternmost point	44°48′55″N 66°57′0″W
Coordinates of northernmost point	71°22′48″N 156°28′48″W
Coordinates of southernmost point	24°32′39″N 81°48′18″W
Coordinates of westernmost point	52°55′16″N 172°26′13″E
Highest point	Denali
Lowest point	Badwater Basin
Basic form of government	constitutional republic, democratic republic
Office held by head of state	President of the United States
Head of state	Donald Trump
Office held by head of government	President of the United States
Head of government	Donald Trump
Has cabinet	United States Cabinet
Executive body	Federal Government of the United States
Legislative body	United States Congress
Essigga eddamuzi	Supreme Court of the United States
Central bank	Federal Reserve System
Currency	United States dollar
Shares border with	Mexico, Canada
Foundational text	United States Declaration of Independence
Driving side	right
Electrical plug type	NEMA 1-15, NEMA 5-15
Replaces	United Colonies, Confederate States of America
Language used	Lungereza
Present in work	The City on the Edge of Forever
Studied by	American studies
Official blog URL	https://blog.usa.gov/
Privacy policy URL	https://www.usa.gov/privacy-security
Described at URL	https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/United_States, https://baike.sogou.com/v48184.htm
External data available at URL	https://www.data.gov/
Top-level Internet domain	.us
Main regulatory text	United States Constitution
Flag	flag of the United States
Coat of arms	Great Seal of the United States of America
Has seal, badge, or sigil	Great Seal of the United States of America
Official symbol	Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Geography of topic	geography of the United States
Has characteristic	free country
History of topic	history of the United States
‎most populous urban area	New York City
Railway traffic side	right
Open data portal	data.gov
Economy of topic	economy of the United States
Demographics of topic	demographics of the United States
Contains the statistical territorial entity	United States Minor Outlying Islands
Gregorian calendar start date	15 Gwakkumi(Mukulukusabitungotungo) 1582, 20 Gwakkuminebiri(Ntenvu) 1582, 14 Gwamwenda(Mutunda) 1752, 18 Gwakkumi(Mukulukusabitungotungo) 1867
WordLift URL	http://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/united_states_of_america
Toki Pona headnoun	L220703
Mobile country code	310, 311, 312, 313, 316
Telephone country code	+1
Emergency phone number	911
GS1 country code	000-139
Vehicle registration plate code	USA
Maritime identification digits	338, 366, 367, 368, 369
Stack Exchange tag	https://travel.stackexchange.com/tags/usa, https://matheducators.stackexchange.com/tags/usa
Unicode character	🇺🇸
Category for honorary citizens of entity	Category:Honorary citizens of the United States
Category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of the United States

 

 From Wikidata

{{{Erinnya mu lunnansi}}}
[[Image:{{{image_coa}}}|75px|E'ngabo ya America]] Bendera ly'eggwanga Ngabo y'eggwanga
Nsi
Omubala gw'eggwanga: {{{mubala gw'eggwanga}}} Oluyimba lw'eggwanga {{{luyimba lw'eggwanga}}}
Geogurafiya
[[Image:{{{image_location}}}|250px|none|America weeri]] Ekibuga ekikulu: {{{ekibuga ekikulu}}} Ekibuga ekisingamu obunene: {{{ekibuga ekisingamu obunene}}} Obugazi Awamu: {{{obugazi}}} km² (ekifo mu nsi zonna #{{{ekifo eky'obunene mu nsi zonna}}}) Mazzi: {{{ekibangirizi eky'amazzi}}} km² ({{{ekitundu ekitwaliddwa amazzi}}}%)
Abantu
Nnimi z'eggwanga: {{{Nnimi}}} Abantu: {{{Abantu}}} Obungi bw'abantu: {{{obungi bw'abantu}}} Ekibangirizi n'abantu: {{{kibangirizi n'abantu}}} km²
Gavumenti
Amefuga: {{{amefuga}}} Abakulembeze: {{{abakulembeze}}}
Ensimbi yayo
Ensimbi (Erinnya lyazo): [[{{{nsimbi}}}]] ({{{Erinnya lyazo}}})
Ebirala ebikwata ku nsi eno
Saawa: mu UTC {{{saawa}}} Namba y'essimu ey'ensi: [[+{{{Namba y'ensi}}}]] Ennukuta ezitegeeza ensi eno: [[.{{{Nnukuta}}}]]

{{{Erinnya mu lunnansi}}}
[[Image:{{{image_coa}}}|75px|E'ngabo ya America]] Bendera ly'eggwanga Ngabo y'eggwanga
Nsi
Omubala gw'eggwanga: {{{mubala gw'eggwanga}}} Oluyimba lw'eggwanga {{{luyimba lw'eggwanga}}}
Geogurafiya
[[Image:{{{image_location}}}|250px|none|America weeri]] Ekibuga ekikulu: {{{ekibuga ekikulu}}} Ekibuga ekisingamu obunene: {{{ekibuga ekisingamu obunene}}} Obugazi Awamu: {{{obugazi}}} km² (ekifo mu nsi zonna #{{{ekifo eky'obunene mu nsi zonna}}}) Mazzi: {{{ekibangirizi eky'amazzi}}} km² ({{{ekitundu ekitwaliddwa amazzi}}}%)
Abantu
Nnimi z'eggwanga: {{{Nnimi}}} Abantu: {{{Abantu}}} Obungi bw'abantu: {{{obungi bw'abantu}}} Ekibangirizi n'abantu: {{{kibangirizi n'abantu}}} km²
Gavumenti
Amefuga: {{{amefuga}}} Abakulembeze: {{{abakulembeze}}}
Ensimbi yayo
Ensimbi (Erinnya lyazo): [[{{{nsimbi}}}]] ({{{Erinnya lyazo}}})
Ebirala ebikwata ku nsi eno
Saawa: mu UTC {{{saawa}}} Namba y'essimu ey'ensi: [[+{{{Namba y'ensi}}}]] Ennukuta ezitegeeza ensi eno: [[.{{{Nnukuta}}}]]

United States of America (USA), era emanyiddwa nga United States( U.S. ) oba Amerika, nsi okusinga esangibwa mu Bukiikakkono bwa America . Lino ggwanga eririna federo eririmu amasaza 50 ne disitulikiti enkulu eya federo, eya Washington, DC Amasaza 48 agakwatagana gali ku nsalo ya Canada mu bukiikakkono ne Mexico mu bukiikaddyo, nga mu bukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba gali kitundu kya Alaska n’ekizinga kya Hawaii mu Pacific Ocean. Amerika era okuwa eddembe ku bwannannyini ku bitundu by'ebizinga ebikulu ebitaano n'ebizinga eby'enjawulo ebitaliimu bantu mu Oceania ne Caribbean.[ i ] Ensi erimu ebintu ebyenjawulo, nga eri mu kifo kyakusatu mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw'ettaka[ c ] n'ekitundu eky'okusatu mu bungi bw'abantu, nga bano basukka mu bukadde 341.[ j ].

Abantu abayitibwa ba Paleo-Indians baasooka kusenguka okuva mu Bukiikakkono bwa Asia ne bagenda mu Bukiikakkono bwa America waakiri emyaka 15,000 egiyise, era ne batandika obugunjufu obw'enjawulo. Abazungu okuzuula Abamerika kwatandika mu 1492, era okufuga kwa Bungereza kw'ekwaddirira wamu n’okusenga mu 1607 mu Virginia, eyasooka ku Matwale Ekkuminaasatu. Enzikiriza y'Amerika eyabuna mu matwale gonna mu kyasa eky'e 18 yatwala enkola ya repubulika n'enkola ey'eddembe ng'ekikulu . Enkaayana n’Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza olw’okusolooza omusolo nga tewali kikiikirirwa mu palamenti n’okugaana eddembe eddala ery’Olungereza zaavaamu Enkyukakyuka mu Amerika, eyavaako ekiteeso ekyayisibwa ekya LEE nga 2 Ogwomusanvu, 1776, okulangirira mu butongole obwetwaze okuva ku Bungereza. Nga wayise ennaku bbiri, nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kyayisibwa era ne kifulumizibwa mu lujjudde. Obuwanguzi mu lutalo lw’enkyukakyuka olwa 1775–1783 bwaleeta okukkiriza kw’ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'eggwanga lino .

Amerika yagaziya mangu amatwale gaayo okudda mu bugwanjuba ng’egula, esenga ng’oewamba ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebyali biifugibwa Abazungu n’Abantu bannansangwa. Nga amawanga amalala gayingizibwa mu Bwegassi, enjawukana okuva mu Bukiikakkono n'Obukiikaddyo yabalukawo nga eva ku kukozesa baddu era yaleetera amawanga 11 ag’obukiikaddyo okulangirira okwekutula ne geegatta nga Confederate States of America okusobola okukuuma obuddu eyo. Amasaza gano gaalwanagana n’Obwegassi mu lutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika olwa 1861–1865 era ne gawangulwa. Amerika bwe yawangula n’okuddamu okwegatta, obuddu bwaggyibwawo mu ggwanga lyonna.

Mu mwaka gwa 1900, eggwanga lino lyali lyenyweza ng’amawanga ag'amaanyi ekifo ekyo ne kinywezebwa oluvannyuma lw’okwenyigira mu Ssematalo Eyasooka. Oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor mu 1941, Amerika yayingira Ssematalo Owookubiri ku ludda lw'amawanga ag'omukago . Ebyava mu lutalo luno byaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga amawanga amanene agavuganya, nga gavuganya ku bufuzi bw'endowooza n'obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu kiseera kya Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Soviet Union okugwa mu 1991 kyaleka Amerika ng'eggwanga ery'amaanyi erimu lyokka mu nsi yonna, wadde nga China ebadde eyogerwako nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 2020 ng'eyinza okutuuka ku ddaala ly'erimu.

Gavumenti eya federo ye demokulasiya ekiikirira abantu ng’erina pulezidenti ne ssemateeka akola okwawula obuyinza wakati w’amasiga asatu: erya ssemateeka, erifuzi, n’eddamuzi. Congress lukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’eggwanga olulimu enkiiko bbiri nga lulimu olukiiko lw’ababaka ( olukiiko olwa wansi okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu) ne Senate ( olukiiko olwa waggulu olwesigama ku kukiikirira okw’enkanankana ku buli ssaza). Enfuga ya Federo ewa amawanga 50 obwetwaze obw’amaanyi .

Ensi eyakulaakulana eno eya Amerika eri ku kifo kya waggulu mu kuvuganya mu by’enfuna, obuyiiya, n’ebyenjigiriza ebya waggulu. Nga ekola ekitundu ekisukka mu kimu kyakuna ku GDP y’ensi yonna emanyiddwa, ebyenfuna byayo bye bibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okuva nga mu mwaka gwa 1890. Y'ensi esinga obugagga, ng’esinga ensimbi z’amaka ezikozesebwa buli muntu mu mawanga ga OECD, wadde ng’obutenkanankana bwayo mu by’obugagga bweyoleka nnyo. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika nga bukoleddwa olw'ebyasa ebiyise nga abantu ab'enjawulo bayingira mu ggwanga eryo, bwa njawulo era bukwata ku nsi yonna. Olw’okuba eggwanga lino likola kumpi kimu kya kusatu ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna, abantu bangi batwalibwa ng’erina amagye agasinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna era nga ye yasooka okukola n’okukozesa ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya(nuclear). Nga Mmemba w’ebibiina by’ensi yonna ebingi omuli n’olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olw’ebyokwerinda, ekola kinene mu nsonga z’ebyobufuzi, eby’obuwangwa, eby’enfuna, n’eby’amagye mu nsi yonna.

Obuvo bw'erinnya lyalyo

Enkozesa y'ekigambo "United States of America" mu biwandiiko eva dda mu 2 Ogwolubereberye, 1776. Ku lunaku olwo, Stephen Moylan, omuyambi w'amagye ga Continental Army eri General George Washington, yawandiika ebbaluwa eri Joseph Reed, eyali omuwandiisi wa Washington ow'ekyama, ng'ayagala okugenda "n'obuyinza obujjuvu era obumala okuva mu Amerika okutuuka e Spain" okunoonya obuyambi mu kaweefube w'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka . ​​​ Okukozesebwa kwabyo mu bantu okwasooka kwafulumira mu kiwandiiko ekyafulumizibwa mu lupapula lw'amawulire ga Williamsburg olwa The Virginia Gazette nga 6 Ogwokuna 1776. Ekiseera ekimu nga 11 oba oluvannyuma lwawo Ogwomukaaga 1776,Thomas Jefferson yawandiika ekigambo "United States of America" mu kiwanddiiko kyeyali atereeza mu kulaangirira obwetwaze,​​ era nga kyatwalibwa aba Second Continental Congress nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776.

Ekigambo "United States" n'ennyiriri zaakyo ezisookerwako "US", ezikozesebwa ng'amannya oba ng'ebigambo ebiraga ebigambo mu Lungereza, mannya mampi aga bulijjo ag'eggwanga. Ennyiriri ezisookerwako "USA", erinnya, nazo za bulijjo. "Amerika" ne "US" bye bigambo ebiteereddwawo mu gavumenti ya Amerika yonna eya federo, nga biriko amateeka agalagiddwa. [ k ] "Amawanga" ekimpi ekiteereddwawo eky'enjogera y'erinnya, ekikozesebwa naddala okuva ebweru w'eggwanga; "stateside" kigambo ekikwatagana.

"America" ye engeri y'ekikazi ey'okuyita ey'erinnya erisooka erya Americus Vesputius, erinnya ery’Olulattini ery’omuvumbuzi Omuyitale Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512); [ l ] yasooka kukozesebwa ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abakugu mu kukola maapu Abagirimaani Martin Waldseemüller ne Matthias Ringmann mu 1507.[ m ] Vespucci yaleeta ekiteeso nti West Indies ezazuulibwa Christopher Columbus mu 1492 zaali kitundu kya ttaka eritamanyiddwa edda so si mu Indies ku nsalo y’ebuvanjuba bwa Asia. Mu Lungereza, ekigambo "America" (ekikozesebwa nga tekirina qualifier) tekitera kwogera ku miramwa egitakwatagana na Amerika. " America " kye kigambo eky'awamu okutegeeza omugatte gwa ssemazinga za North ne South America.

Ebyafaayo byalyo

Abantu baamu bannansangwa

 

Cliff Palace, ekifo eky’okusenga kwa bajjajja b’abantu b’omu Amerika enzaalwa z’e Pueblo mu Montezuma County, Colorado, ekyazimbibwa wakati wa c. 1200 ne 1275

Abatuuze abaasooka mu Bukiikakkono bwa America baasenguka okuva e Siberia emyaka nga 15,000 egiyise, nga basomoka olutindo lw’oku ttaka olwa Bering oba ku lubalama lw’ennyanja kati olwabbira mu bbalaafu. Obuwangwa bwa Clovis, obwalabika nga 11,000 BCE mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, kirowoozebwa nti bwe buwangwa obwasooka okusaasaana mu Amerika. Oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, obuwangwa bw'Abantu enzaalwa z'omu Bukiikakkono bwa America bweyongera okubeera obw'omulembe, era obumu, gamba ng'obuwangwa bwa Mississippi, bwakulaakulanya ebyobulimi, pulaani z'ebizimbe, n'ebitundu ebizibu. Mu kiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'edda, obuwangwa bwa Mississippian bwali mu bitundu by'amasekkati g'obugwanjuba, ebuvanjuba, n'obukiikaddyo, n'aba Algonquian mu kitundu ky'ennyanja Ennene ne ku lubalama lwa Eastern Seaboard, ate obuwangwa bwa Hohokam ne bannannsangwa aba Puebloan baali babeera mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwajuba Okubalirira kw’omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika nga abafuzi b’amatwale Abazungu tebannatuuka kuva ku bantu nga 500,000 okutuuka kumpi obukadde 10.

Okunoonyereza kw’Abazungu, okufugibwa ab'amatwale n’okulwanagana kwabwe (1513 – 1765)

Ebitundu ebyatwalibwa ab’amatwale ga Bungereza (Amatwale Ekkumi n’Asatu mu langi ya pinki n’amalala mu langi ya kakobe), Bufalansa (mu bbulu), ne Spain (mu langi ya kacungwa) mu Bukiikakkono bwa America, 1750

Christopher Columbus yatandika okunoonyereza ku Caribbean ku lwa Spain mu 1492, ekyaviirako abantu aboogera Olu Spanish okusenga n’obuminsani okuva mu bitundu kati ebiyitibwa Puerto Rico ne Florida okutuuka e New Mexico ne California. Ettundutundu lya Spain eryasooka mu ssemazinga wa Amerika leero lyali Spanish Florida, eryatwalibwa mu 1513. Oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okusenga okuwerako eyo olw'enjala n'endwadde, ekibuga kya Spain ekyasooka eky'enkalakkalira kyali kya, Saint Augustine, kyatandikibwawo mu 1565.

Bufalansa yatandikawo ebifo byayo eby’okubeeramu mu Florida ya Bufalansa mu 1562, naye byasuulibwa (Charlesfort, 1578) oba byasaanawo olw’ebikwekweto by’Abaspanish ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Ebifo eby’enkalakkalira eby’Abafaransa byatandikibwawo oluvannyuma ennyo ku mabbali g’ennyanja Ennene ( Fort Detroit, 1701), omugga Mississippi ( St. Louis, 1764) n’okusingira ddala Gulf of Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Amatwale ga Bulaaya agaasooka era mwalimu ettundutundu lya Budaaki eryali likulaakulana erya New Nederland (eryasengebwamu mu 1626, nga leero ye New York) n’ettwale ettono erya Sweden erya New Sweden (eryasenga mu 1638 mu kitundu ekyafuuka Delaware). Okufuga kwa Bungereza ku lubalama lw’ebugwanjuba kwatandika n’ettwale lya Virginia (1607) ne ttwale lya Plymouth (Massachusetts, 1620).

Endagaano ya Mayflower mu Massachusetts ne Fundamental Orders of Connecticut zassaawo entandikwa y’okukiikirirwa kw’abakiise b’ebitundu n’enkola ya ssemateeka eyandikulaakulanye mu matwale ga Amerika gonna. Abazungu abasenze mu kitundu kati ekiyitibwa Amerika baafuya obutakkaanya n’Abamerika bannansangwa, era beenyigira mu by’obusuubuzi, nga bawanyisiganya ebikozesebwa by’Abazungu n’emmere n’amaliba g’ebisolo. [ n ] Enkolagana yava ku nkolagana ey’oku lusegere okutuuka ku ntalo n’ettemu. Abafuzi b’amatwale baatera okugoberera enkola ezaawaliriza Abazaale b’omu Amerika okuyiga obulamu bw’Abazungu, nga mw’otwalidde n’okukyuka ne bafuuka Abakulisitu. Ku lubalama lw'ennyanja olw'ebuvanjuba, abasenze baakukusanga Abafirika nga bayita mu kusuubula abaddu mu Atlantic, okusinga okukola emirimu egy'amaanyi ku nnimiro ennene.

Amatwale Ekkuminaasatu agaasooka [ o ] oluvannyuma agaali gagenda okukola Amerika gaali gafugibwa wansi w'obuyinza bw'Obwakabaka bwa Bungereza nga bufugibwa ba gavana abaalondebwa Kabaka, newankubadde nga gavumenti z'ebitundu zaakola okulonda okuggule eri bannannyini bintu abasajja abazungu abasinga obungi. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuzi b’amatwale gwakula mangu okuva e Maine okutuuka e Georgia, ne gusaanikira omuwendo gw’abantu enzaalwa z’omu Amerika; mu myaka gya 1770, okweyongera kw’abantu mu kuzaala kwali kwa maanyi nnyo nga n’Abamerika abatonotono bokka be baali bazaalibwa emitala w’amayanja. Obuwanvu bw'olugendo bw'ettwale lino okuva ku Bungereza bwayanguyiza okusimba emirandira mu kwefuga, era embeera eyatuumibwa the First Great Awakening, nga eno yalimu abaali bawakanya Onbukulisitu, kwayongera amaanyi mu kwagala eddembe okw’amatwale erikakasibwa.

Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika ne republic eyasooka (1765 – 1800) .

 

Ekifaananyi ky’Okulangirira kw’Obwetwaze kiraga Akakiiko k’Abataano nga kayanjula Ekirangiriro ekyo mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress nga 28 Ogwomukaaga, 1776, mu Philadelphia .

Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwayo mu lutalo lwa Bufalansa ne Buyindi, Bungereza yatandika okukakasa nti yali efuga nnyo ensonga z’ekitundu mu Matwale Ekkumi n’Asatu, ekyavaamu okuziyiza okw’ebyobufuzi okweyongera . Ekimu ku byali bisinga okusoomooza abafuzi b'amatwale kwe kugaana eddembe lyabwe ng'Abangereza naddala eddembe ly'okukiikirira mu gavumenti ya Bungereza eyabasolooza omusolo. Okulaga obutali bumativu bwabwe n'obumalirivu bwabwe, First Continental Congress yatuula mu 1774 era n'eyisa Continental Association, okugoba ebintu by'Abangereza mu matwale okwassibwa mu nkola "obukiiko bw'obukuumi " obw'omu kitundu ekyalaga nti kikola bulungi. Olwo okugezaako kw'Abangereza okuggyako abafuzi b'amatwale ebyokulwanyisa kwavaamu entalo z'e Lexington ne Concord mu 1775, ne zikuma omuliro mu lutalo lw'Amerika olw'enkyukakyuka . Mu lukiiko lwa Continental Congress olwokubiri, amatwale gaalonda George Washington omuduumizi w'amagye ga Continental, era ne gakola akakiiko akaatuuma Thomas Jefferson erinnya okuwandiika ekiwandiiko ekirangirira obwetwaze . Nga wayise ennaku bbiri nga Second Continental Congress eyisizza ekiteeso kya Lee okutondawo eggwanga eryetongodde, ery’obwetwaze, Ekirangiriro kyayisibwa nga 4 Ogwomusanvu, 1776. Empisa z’ebyobufuzi ez’enkyukakyuka ya Amerika zaava ku bujeemu obw’emmundu obwali busaba ennongoosereza munda mu bwakabaka okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eyatondawo enkola empya ey’embeera z’abantu n’okufuga eyassibwa ku kulwanirira eddembe n’okukuuma eddembe ly'obutonde eritaggyibwako ; obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka ; obufuzi bw'abantu ; repubulika ku bwakabaka, abakulu, n'obuyinza obulala obw'ebyobufuzi obw'obusika; empisa ennungi ez'obwannakyewa ; n'obutagumiikiriza nguzi mu by'obufuzi. Abatandisi ba Amerika, nga muno mwe mwali Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, n'abalala bangi, baali baasikirizibwa endowooza eri Classical , eya Renaissance ne Enlightement eddiini n'eby'okutegeera.

Wadde nga mu nkola okuva lwe zaawandiikibwa mu 1777, Ennyingo z’Omukago zakakasibwa mu 1781 era ne zitandikawo mu butongole gavumenti eyasaasaanyizibwa eyakola okutuusa mu 1789. Oluvannyuma lw’Abangereza okuwanika mu kuzingiza Yorktown mu 1781, obufuzi bwa Amerika bwakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna mu ndagaano ya Paris (1783), Amerika mwe yayita okugaziya ekitundu kyayo okudda mu bugwanjuba okudda ku Mugga Mississippi, ne mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu Canada nga leero bweyitibwa, n’obukiikaddyo okutuuka mu Spanish Florida. Etteeka ly’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba (1787) lyassaawo enkola ekitundu ky’eggwanga mwe kyandigaziyiziddwa nga kiyingiziddwamu amawanga amapya, okusinga okugaziya amawanga agaaliwo.

Ssemateeka wa Amerika yakolebwa mu lukiiko lwa Ssemateeka olwatuula mu 1787 okuvvuunuka obukwakkulizo obumu obulliu Nnyingo. Yatandika okukola mu 1789, n’etondawo gavumenti eya federo eyafugibwa amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo nga gonna awamu gakola enkola y’okutereezaokutebenkeza. George Washington yalondebwa okuba pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka wansi wa Ssemateeka, era ebbago ly'eddembe (embeera eyalimu omugatte gw'ennongoosereza ekkumi mu Ssemateeka) ly'ayisibwa mu 1791 okukkakkanya okweraliikirira kw'abaali babuusabuusa obuyinza bwa gavumenti obwali obungi ennyo. Okulekulira kwa Washington ku bw'Omuduumizi omukulu oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lw'enkyukakyuka n'oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okwesimbawo ku kisanja eky'okusatu nga pulezidenti w'eggwanga eyasooka kyassaawo entandikwa y'obukulu bw'obuyinza bw'obwannakyewa mu Amerika n'okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe.

Okugaziwa okudda mu Bugwanjuba n’olutalo lw’omunda (1800 – 1865) .

Okugaziya ebitundu bya Amerika

Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’e 18, abasenze mu Amerika baatandika okugaziwa nga bagenda mu bugwanjuba mu bungi, era bangi baali bawulira nti baali balagiddwa entuuko yaabwe. Okuggyibwa kwa Louisiana okwa 1803 okuva mu Bufalansa kumpi kwakubisaamu emirundi ebiri ettaka lya Amerika. Ensonga ezaali zisigaddewo ne Bungereza zaasigalawo, ekyavaako olutalo lwa 1812, olwalwanibwa okutuuka ku maliri. Spain yawaayo Florida n'ettaka lyayo erya Gulf Coast mu 1819.

Endagaano ya Missouri eya 1820, eyakkiriza Missouri ng’eggwanga ly’abaddu ate Maine ng’eggwanga ery’eddembe, yagezaako okutebenkeza okwagala kw’amasaza g’obukiikakkono okulemesa okugaziwa kw’obuddu mu bitundu ebipya n’obw’amasaza g’obugwanjuba okubugaziya eyo. Okusinga, okukkaanya kwawera obuddu mu nsi endala zonna eza Louisiana Purchase mu bukiikakkono bwa 36°30′ parallel.

Abamerika bwe beeyongera okugaziwa mu bitundu omwali Abamerika Abazaaliranwa, gavumenti eya federo yassa mu nkola enkola z’okuggyawo oba okuyingiza Abayindi mu nsi. Etteeka eryasinga obukulu mwekyo lyali tteeka ely'okuggyawo Abayindi erya 1830, enkola enkulu eya Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson . Kyavaamu Trail of Tears oba olugendo lw'amaziga (1830–1850), nga mu kino bannansangwa ab’omu Amerika ababalirirwamu 60,000 abaali babeera ebuvanjuba bw’omugga Mississippi baggyibwawo mu ngeri ey’amaanyi ne basengulwa ne batwalibwa mu nsi eziri ewala ennyo mu bugwanjuba, ekyaviirako abantu 13,200 ku 16,700 okufa mu kugobwa okwo okwali okukake. Okugaziwa kw’abasenze awamu n’okugobwa kuno okw’Abantu enzaalwa okuva mu Buvanjuba kwavaamu Entalo z’Abayindi n'ab’Amerika mu bugwanjuba bwa Mississippi.

Mu kiseera ky’amatwale, obuddu bwakkirizibwa mu mateeka mu matwale gonna Ekkumi n’esatu, era mu mwaka gwa 1770 bwe bwali businga okuvaamu abakozi mu kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazi, kisaawe ky'ebyobulimi ekyali ekigazimu by’enfuna mu bitundu gye baali beesigama ennyo ku by'obulimi mu,matwale g'omu Bukiikaddyo okuva e Maryland okutuuka e Georgia. Enkola eno yatandika okubuusibwabuusibwa ennyo mu kiseera ky’Enkyukakyuka ya Amerika, [ 92 ] era nga kiwumuddwamu omutwe ekibiina ekikola ennyo okuggyawo obuddu ekyali kizzeemu okuvaayo mu myaka gya 1830, amawanga mu Bukiikakkono gaateekao amateeka agawera obuddu mu nsalo zaago. Mu kiseera ekyo, Okuwangira obuddu kwali kusaasaanidde ekitundu ekigazi mu bitundu by'obukiikaddyo,olw'ensonga nti waaliwo okussa ssente mu kulima ppamba (1793)​ ekyaleetera obuddu okuba nga bufuna nnyo amagoba eri abayivu b'omu bukiikaddyo.

Amerika yawamba Republic of Texas mu 1845, era endagaano ya Oregon eya 1846 yaviirako Amerika okufuga ekitundu kya Amerika eky’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba obw’ensangi zino. Enkaayana ne Mexico ku Texas zaavaako olutalo lwa Mexico ne Amerika (1846 – 1848). Oluvannyuma lw’obuwanguzi bwa Amerika, Mexico yakkiriza obufuzi bwa Amerika mu Texas, New Mexico, ne California mu ndagaano ya Mexico; ettaka ly’okuweebwayo mu ndagaano eyo mwalimu n’amasaza ag’omu maaso aga Nevada, Colorado ne Utah . Okunoonya zaabu mu California okwaliwo mu 1848–1849 kwaleetera abazungu okusenguka ennyo okugenda ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Pacific, ekyavaako n’okulwanagana okusingawo n’abantu Abazaaliranwa. Ekimu ku bittabantu ebyasinga okuba ebibi mu California nga kyafiiramu nkumi n’ankumi ez’abatuuze Abazaaliranwa, kyatambula okutuuksa mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1870. Ebitundu ebirala eby’obugwanjuba.

Amawanga g’abaddu n’amawanga ag’eddembe mu 1858

Mu myaka gya 1850 gyonna, enkaayana z’ebitundu ezikwata ku buddu zaayongera okukuma omuliro mu mateeka g’eggwanga mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress n’okusalawo kwa Kkooti Enkulu. Mu Congress, etteeka erikwata ku buddu erya Fugitive Slave Act erya 1850 lyalagira abantu abaali baddukira mu masaza agataalina baddu mu Bukiikakkono okuddizibwa mu ngeri ey’amaanyi eri bakama baabwe, ate etteeka lya Kansas–Nebraska erya 1854 lyaggyawo ebisaanyizo eby’okulwanyisa obuddu eby’endagaano ya Missouri. Mu kusalawo kwayo okwa Dred Scott okwa 1857, Kkooti Enkulu yasalawo nga ewakanya omuntu omuddu okuleetebwa mu kitundu ekitaalimu baddu, mu kiseera kye kimu n’elangirira nti Endagaano ya Missouri yonna tekwatagana na ssemateeka. Ebintu bino n’ebirala byayongera okusika omuguwa wakati w’obukiikakkono n’obukiikaddyo okwandivuddemu olutalo lw’omunda mu Amerika (1861–1865).

Okutandika ne South Carolina, gavumenti 11 ez’amasaza agaalimu abaddu zaakuba akalulu okwekutula ku Amerika mu 1861, ne geegatta okutondawo omukago gwa Confederate States of America . Gavumenti z'amasaza endala zonna zaasigala nga nneesigwa eri Omukago guno.[ p ] Olutalo lwabalukawo mu Ogwokuna, 1861 oluvannyuma lw'Omukago okukuba bbomu mu Fort Sumter. Oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira eddembe nga 1 Ogwolubereberye, 1863, abaddu bangi abaali bateereddwa beegatta ku ggye ly'Obwegassi. Olutalo lwatandika okukyukira ku ludda lw'Obwegassi oluvannyuma lw'okuzingiza Vicksburg mu 1863, n'olutalo lwa Gettysburg, era ab'Omukago beewaayo mu 1865 oluvannyuma lw'obuwanguzi bw'Obwegassi mu lutalo lw'e Appomattox Court House.

Okuddamu okuzimba, omulembe gwa zaabu, n’omulembe ogw’okukulaakulana (1866 – 1917)

Firimu ya Edison Studios eraga abagwiira nga batuuka ku kizinga Ellis mu mwalo gw'e New York, ekifo ekikulu abasenguka Abazungu we baayingiranga ku nkomerero y'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omwenda n'okutandika kw'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri

Kaweefube w’okuddamu okuzimba mu Obukiikaddyo obwali bwekutuddeko yali atandise mu 1862, naye oluvannyuma lwa Pulezidenti Lincoln okuttibwa, ennongoosereza essatu ez’okuddamu okuzimba mu Ssemateeka zakakasibwa okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu. Ennongoosereza zino zaateeka mu mateeka mu ggwanga lyonna okuggyibwawo kw'obuddu obutali bwa kyeyagalire okuggyako ng’ekibonerezo, ne zisuubiza obukuumi obwenkanankana mu mateeka eri abantu bonna, era ne ziwera okusosola olw’amawanga oba okufuuka abaddu emabegako. N’ekyavaamu, Abafirika abaali bafunye obutuuze mu Amerika baatwala omulimu munene mu byobufuzi mu mawanga agaali ga Confederate mu myaka ekkumi egyaddirira olutalo lw’omunda. Amawanga agaali ga Confederate gaddamu okuyingizibwa mu mukago guno, nga gatandika ne Tennessee mu 1866 ne gamaliriza ne Georgia mu 1870.

Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ggwanga, omuli amasimu n’enguudo z'eggaali z’omukka eziyita wonna ku ssemazinga, byaleetawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika. Kino kyayanguwa olw’etteeka lya Homestead Acts, nga kumpi ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 ku ttaka lyonna erya Amerika lyaweebwa ku bwereere eri abatuuze obukadde 1.6 okubeerako. Okuva mu 1865 okutuuka mu 1917, omuwendo omunene ogw’abagwira ogutabangawo gwatuuka mu Amerika, nga kuliko obukadde 24.4 okuva e Bulaaya. Ebisinga byajja nga biyita ku mwalo gw'e New York, ng'ekibuga New York n'ebibuga ebirala ebinene ku lubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ne bifuuka amaka g'Abayudaaya, Abayindi, n'Abayitale abangi. Abazungu bangi ab'omu Bukiikakkono awamu n'omuwendo omunene ogw'Abagirimaani n'Abazungu abalala ab'omu masekkati baagenda mu Masekkatin g'omu Bugwanjuba. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Abafaransa nga akakadde kamu aba Canada baasenguka okuva e Quebec ne bagenda mu New England . Mu kiseera ky'okusenguka okunene, obukadde n'obukadde bw'Abafirika Abamerika baava mu byalo eby'obukiikaddyo ne bagenda mu bibuga mu Bukiikakkono. Alaska yagulibwa okuva ku Russia mu 1867.

Okutwalira awamu endagaano ya 1877 etwalibwa ng’enkomerero y’omulembe gw’okuzimba, kubanga yagonjoola ekizibu ky’okulonda oluvannyuma lw’okulonda kwa Pulezidenti mu 1876 era n’eviirako Pulezidenti Rutherford B. Hayes okukendeeza ku mulimu gw’amagye ga federo mu Bugwanjuba. Amangu ago, Abanunuzi baatandika okugoba bali Abagwira abajja okutwala obuyinza ku mpaka era mangu ne baddamu okutwala obuyinza mu kitundu ku byobufuzi by'obukiikaddyo mu linnya ly'obukulu bw'abazungu. Abafirika abaali baafuuse abatuuze mu Amerika baagumira ekiseera eky’obusosoze mu mawanga obw’amaanyi, obw’olwatu oluvannyuma lw’Okuzimba Obuggya, ekiseera ekitera okutwalibwa ng’eky’okusosola mu mawanga mu Amerika. Ensala za Kkooti Enkulu eziddiriŋŋana, omuli Plessy v. Ferguson, zaggyamu ennongoosereza ey’ekkumi n’ennya n’ey’ekkumi n’ettaano mu maanyi gaabwe, ne zikkiriza amateeka ga Jim Crow mu Bukiikaddyo, ebibuga bya sundown towns mu Masekkati g'Obugwanjuba, n’okwawukana mu bitundu okwetoloola eggwanga, ekyandinywezeddwa ekitundu olw’enkola y'okugaana abaddugavu okuwolebwa ssente oluvannyuma eyayisibwa federo Ekitongole ekiwola ssente za bannannyini mayumba .

Okubalukawo kw’enkulaakulana ya tekinologiya, nga kuddirirwa okukozesa abakozi abasenge mu ggwanga ab’ebbeeyi entono, kwaleetawo okugaziwa okw’amangu mu by’enfuna mu kiseera kya Gilded ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Kyagenda mu maaso okutuuka ku ntandikwa y’ekya 20, Amerika bwe yali,emaze okusinga Bungereza, Bufalansa ne Girimaani mu byenfuna byonna awamu. Abagagga baakulembera eggwanga okugaziya mu makubo g’eggaali y’omukka, amafuta, n’ebyuma, nga Amerika evaayo ng’eyasooka mu mulimu gw’okukola emmotoka.​​​ Kino kyavaamu okweyongera mu maanyi mu by'obufuzi n'eby'enfuna mu abo abaali mu by'amakolero abatono ekyabaviiramu okufuna obwesige n'okuwamba akatale okwewala okubbinkana n'abalala.Enkyukakyuka zino zaavaamu okweyongera okw’amaanyi mu butali bwenkanya mu by’enfuna, embeera z’omugotteko, n’obutabanguko mu bantu, ne kireetawo embeera ennungi ebibiina by’abakozi okukulaakulana era, ku kigero ekitono ennyo, ebibiina by’obweegassi.​ Ekiseera kino kyaggwa oluvannyuma lw'okuja kw'omulembe gw'Enkulaakulana, ogwalimu enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, embeera z'abantu, n'amatteeka.

Abantu abaali bawagira Amerika mu Hawaii basuula obwakabaka bw'omu Hawaii; ebizinga byagattibwa mu 1898. Mu mwaka gwe gumu, Puerto Rico, Philippines, ne Guam Spain yabiwa Amerika oluvannyuma lw’okuwangulwa Amerika mu lutalo lwa Spain ne Amerika. (Philippines yaweebwa obwetwaze obujjuvu okuva mu Amerika nga 4, Ogwomusanvu 1946, oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Puerto Rico ne Guam byasigala nga nga bitundu bya Amerika). American Samoa yafunibwa Amerika mu 1900 oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'okubiri olw'omunda mu Samoa. Ebizinga bya Virgin ebya Amerika byafunibwa okuva ku Denmark mu 1917 oluvannyuma lw'abalonzi ba Denmark okukkiriza okugitunda mu kalulu ka 1916.

Ssematalo I, Okugwa mu byenfuna okwamaanyi, ne Ssematiro II (1917-1945)

Amerika yayingira Ssematalo I ng'eri wamu n'amawanga ag'omukago mu 1917 ng'eyamba okukyusa embeera okulwanyisa amawanga ag'omu masekkati. Mu 1920, ennongoosereza mu ssemateeka yawa abakyala eddembe ly'okulonda mu ggwanga lyonna . Mu myaka gya 1920 ne 1930, leediyo ey’empuliziganya ey’abantu abangi ne ttivvi eyasooka z'akyusa empuliziganya mu ggwanga lyonna. Okugwa kwa Wall Street okwa 1929 kwali kuleese okusereba kw'eby'enfuna, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt kwe yaddamu n'enteekateeka ya New Deal eya "ennongoosereza, okudda engulu n'okudduukirira", omuddirirwa gw'enteekateeka z'okuzzaawo embeera ezitabangawo era ezisukkiridde ne pulojekiti z'okudduukirira abantu ku mirimu nga zigatta wamu n'ennongoosereza mu by'ensimbi n'ebiragiro.

Eyali terina ludda mu ntandikwa mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, Amerika yatandika okugabira amawanga ag'omukago mu Ssematalo II ebikozesebwa mu lutalo mu Gwokusatu 1941 era n'eyingira olutalo mu Gwekkumineebiri oluvannyuma lwa Japan okulumba Pearl Harbor. Olw'okukkiriza enkola ya " Bulaaya yeesooka ", Amerika yassa essira ku baali bakolagana ne Japan Yitale ne Girimaani mu kiseera ky'olutalo okutuusa lwe baabawangula mu Gwokutaano 1945. Amerika yakola ebyokulwanyisa bya nukiriya ebyasooka n'abikozesa okulwanyisa ebibuga bya Japan ebya Hiroshima ne Nagasaki mu Gwomunaana 1945, era n'amaliriza olutalo. Amerika yali emu ku " Abapoliisi Abana " abaasisinkana okuteekateeka ensi ey'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo, nga baali wamu ne Bungereza, Soviet Union ne China. Amerika yavaayo nga tefunye buzibu bwonna mu lutalo, ng'erina amaanyi amangi ennyo mu by'enfuna n'obuyinza bw'ebyobufuzi mu nsi yonna.

Ssematalo ow’endowooza n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’abantu (1945 – 1991) .

Ssematalo II bwe yaggwa mu 1945 yaleka Amerika ne Soviet Union nga ge amawanga amanene, nga buli limu lirina obuyinza bwalyo mu by’obufuzi, eby’amagye, ne mu by’enfuna. Okusika omuguwa mu byobufuzi wakati w'amawanga gombi amanene mu bbanga ttono kwavaako Ssematalo ow'endowooza. Amerika yassa mu nkola enkola y’okuziyiza abantu egenderera okukomya ekitundu kya Soviet Union; yeenyigira mu nkyukakyuka mu nfuga okulwanyisa gavumenti ezilowoozebwa nti zikwatagana n'Abasoviyeti; era n’awangula mu mpaka z’omu bbanga, ezaatuuka ku ntikko n’okukka ku Mwezi okwasooka okw’abakozi mu 1969.

Munda mu eggwanga, ly'Amerika lyafuna enkulaakulana mu by’enfuna, okugenda mu bibuga, n’okukula kw’abantu oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II. Ekibiina ky’eddembe ly’obuntu kyavaayo, nga Martin Luther King Jr. afuuka omukulembeze omututumufu ku ntandikwa y’emyaka gya 1960. Enteekateeka y'ekibiina ekinene eky'obufuzi ku bwa Pulezidenti bwa Lyndon B. Johnson yavaamu amateeka, enkola n'okukyusa mu ssemateeka okumenyawo n'okugaziya okulwanyisa ebimu ku bisinga obubi ebyava mu kusosola mu mawanga okw'ebitongole okwaliwo.

Ekibiina ekyali kikontana n’obuwangwa mu Amerika kyaleeta enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi mu mbeera z’abantu, omuli n’okuteekawo eddembe mu kukozesa ebiragalalagala mu kwesanyusaamu n’okwegatta. Era yakubiriza abantu okujeemera okuyingira amagye (okutuusa ku nkomerero y'okuyingira amagye mu 1973). n'okuwakanya okw'amaanyi ekya Amerika okuyingira mu Vietnam, nga Amerika evaayo mu 1975.Enkyukakyuka mu mirimu gy'abakyala ye yaviirako okweyongera kw'abakazi abakola emirimu egisasulwa okuva mu myaka gya 1970 era mu 1985 abakyala b'omu Amerika abasinga obungi ab'emyaka 16 n'okusingawo baatandika okukola.

Okugwa kw’Obukomunisiti n’okusasika kwa Soviet Union okuva mu 1989 okutuuka mu 1991 kwalaga nti Ssematalo ow’endowooza yaggwaawo era n’aleka Amerika ng’eggwanga lyokka ery’amaanyi ennyo mu nsi yonna. Kino kyanyweza obuyinza bwa Amerika mu nsi yonna, ne kinyweza endowooza ya " American Century " nga Amerika efuga ensonga z'ensi yonna ez'ebyobufuzi, eby'obuwangwa, eby'enfuna, n'eby'amagye.

Omulembe gwa kati (1991 – kati)

Emyaka gya 1990 gyalimu okugaziwa kw'ebyenfuna okusinga obugazi mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okukendeera okw'amaanyi mu miwendo gy'obumenyi bw'amateeka mu Amerika, n'okukulaakulana mu tekinologiya. Mu myaka gino gyonna ekkumi, obuyiiya bwa tekinologiya nga World Wide Web, enkulaakulana ya Pentium microprocessor okusinziira ku tteeka lya Moore, bbaatule za lithium-ion batteries nga zino zaakolebwa okugezesa gene therapy okwasooka n'okukola ebintu oba cloning, kwakolebwanga mu Amerika oba byalongoosebwayo. Mu myaka gya 1990, pulojekiti ya Human Genome Project yatongozebwa, ate Nasdaq n’efuuka akatale k’emigabo akaasooka mu Amerika okusuubula ku mitimbagano. Mu lutalo lwa Gulf mu 1991, omukago gw'amawanga ogw'ensi yonna ogwakulemberwa Amerika gwagoba eggye lya Iraq eryali liwambye Kuwait ku muliraano. Ennumba za 11 Ogwomwenda 2001 obwakolebwa ku Amerika nga bwakolebwa ekibiina ky'abatujju ekya al - Qaeda. Ekizibu ky’amayumba mu Amerika kyatuuka ku ntikko mu 2007 n’okusereba kw’eby’enfuna, okukendeera kw’ebyenfuna okusinga obunene okuva mu kusereba kw’eby’enfuna kuli okwali okw'ammanyi.

Okutandikira mu myaka gya 2010, n’okugenda mu maaso mu gya 2020, Amerika efunye okwekutula kw’ebyobufuzi okweyongedde n’okudda emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya. Okukutula eggwanga lino kwalabikira nnyo mu bulumbaganyi obwaliwo mu Gwolubereberye 2021 mu Capitol, ekibinja ky'abayeekera abawagira Pulezidenti Donald Trump bwe baayingira mu Capitol ya Amerika ne banoonya okulemesa okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe mu kugezaako okuwamba gavumenti. Gwali mulundi gwa pulezidenti ogwasooka okugaana okukyusa obuyinza mu mirembe. Abayivu mu bugazi bagamba nti Amerika eri mu kukyuka okuva mu byobufuzi bya demokulasiya ow'eddembe okudda mu nfuga ey'ekintabuli okuva mu 2025. We bwatuukira mu 2026, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya London School of Economics kwazuula nti bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi abasinga obungi abaabuuzibwa tebaali bakkiriza nti okulonda kwa Amerika okwa 2026 kwandituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'okubeera " eby'eddembe era eby'obwenkanya ". Mu mwaka gwa 2026, eggwanga lino era lyajaguza emyaka 250 bukya litandikibwawo.

Enkula y’ensi

Amerika y’ensi eyookusatu mu bunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bunene bwonna ng’eddiridde Russia ne Canada. [ c ] Amasaza 48 ne Disitulikiti ya Columbia byonna awamu gali ku bugazi bwa 3,119,885 square miles ( sikweya kiromita 8,080,470) . Mu mwaka gwa 2021, Amerika yalina ebitundu 8% ku nnimiro n’amalundiro ag’enkalakkalira ku Nsi kuno ate ebitundu 10% ku ttaka lyayo ery’ebirime.

Okutandikira mu buvanjuba, olusenyi lw’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Atlantic luwa ekifo ebibira ebiri munda mu nsi n’obusozi obuyiringisibwa mu kitundu ky’olusenyi lwa Piedmont . [1] Ensozi za Appalachian ne Adirondack Massif zaawula olubalama lw'Ebuvanjuba ku Nnyanja Ennene n'omuddo ogw'omu maserengeta ga Midwest . [2] Enkola y'emigga Mississippi, enkola y'emigga ey'okuna mu nsi yonna mu buwanvu, esinga kutambula mu bukiikakkono–obugwanjuba okuyita mu makkati g'eggwanga. Ekiwonvu ekipapajjo era ekigimu eky’omu Great Plains kibuna mu maserengeta, era nga kitaataaganyizibwa ekitundu eky’ensozi mu bukiikaddyo obw’obuvanjuba.[2]

Ensozi z’amayinja, mu bugwanjuba ga Great Plains, ziwanvuwa okuva mu bukiikakkono okutuuka mu bukiikaddyo okwetoloola eggwanga, era nga zituukira ku ffuuti14,000 (mmita 4,300 ) mu Colorado . Olusozi olusozi oluwanda omuliro olukulu oluli wansi wa Yellowstone National Park mu nsozi z'amayinja, Yellowstone Caldera, lwe lusozi oluwanda omuliro olusinga obunene ku semazinga ono. Ewala mu bugwanjuba waliwo ekiwonvu ekinene eky’amayinja n’eddungu lya Chihuahuan, Sonoran, n'eddungu lya Mojave. Mu nsonda ey’obukiikakkono bw’obugwanjuba bwa Arizona, eyayoolwa omugga Colorado, waliwo Grand Canyon, ekiwonvu ekiriko enjuyi empanvu era ekifo eky’obulambuzi ekimanyiddwa ennyo ekimanyiddwa olw’obunene bwakyo obw’okulaba obusukkiridde n’ebifo ebizibu, ebya langi. Ensozi za Cascade ne Sierra Nevada zitambulira kumpi n'olubalama lw'ennyanja Pacific. Ebifo ebisinga wansi n’okugulumizibwa mu Amerika eririraanyewo biri mu Ssaza ly’e California, nga mayiro 84 ( kiromita 135) nga baawukanye.Ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti 20,310 ( mayiro 6,190.5 ), Denali mu Alaska (era eyitibwa Mount McKinley) ye ntikko esinga obuwanvu mu ggwanga ne ku ssemazinga ono. Ensozi eziwanda omuliro ezikola mu Amerika zitera okubeera mu bizinga byonna ebya Alaska ebya Alexander ne Aleutian. Ekizinga kino ekya Hawaii ekisangibwa ebweru wa North America yonna, kirimu ebizinga ebirimu ensozi eziwanda omuliro mu bifaananyi n’amawanga kitundu kya kitundu kya Polynesia ekya Oceania.

Ng’oggyeeko obugazi bw’ettaka lyayo lyonna, Amerika erina ekimu ku bitundu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo ebikwata ku nnyanja ebibunye square miles nga obukadde 4.5 (11.7 million km ² ) ez’ennyanja.

Embeera y'obudde

Olw’obunene bwayo n’ebifo eby’enjawulo, Amerika erimu ebika by’embeera y'obudde ebisinga obungi. Ebuvanjuba bwa 100th meridian, embeera y’obudde etandikira ku kika ekiyitibwa Humid continental mu bukiikakkono okutuuka ku kya humid tropical mu bukiikaddyo. Ebiwonvu ebinene ebiyitibwa The western Great Plains eby'obugwanjuba biba mu kika kya semi-arid. Ebitundu bingi eby'ensozi mu bugwanjuba bwa Amerika birina embeera y'obudde ey'ensozi . Embeera y’obudde nkalu mu Bukiikaddyo bw'obugwanjuba, Mediterranean mu lubalama lw’essaza lya California, ate eri oceanic mu lubalama lw’eOregon, Washington, n’obukiikaddyo bwa Alaska . Ekitundu ekisinga obunene ekya Alaska kiri mu kitundu kya subarctic oba polar. Hawaii, ekitundu ky'obukiikaddyo bwa Florida n'ebitundu bya Amerika mu Caribbean ne Pacific biri mu mbeera ya Tropical.

Amerika efuna ebizibu by’embeera y'obudde ebisukkiridde ebikosa ennyo okusinga mu mawanga amalala gonna. Amasaza agali ku nsalo ya Gulf of Mexico gatera okubeera n'embuyaga, era ensoke ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna zibeera mu ggwanga lino, okusinga mu Tornado Alley. Olw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde, embeera y’obudde embi efuuse ya bulijjo mu Amerika mu kyasa 21, ng’omuwendo gw’ebbugumu ogwaweebwako alipoota gukubisaamu emirundi esatu bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka gya 1960. Okuva mu myaka gya 1990, ekyeya mu Bukikkaddyo bw'obugwanjuba bwa Amerika kyeyongera okubeera eky’amaanyi era nga kitwala ekiseera ekiwanvu. Ebitundu ebitwalibwa ng’ebisinga okusikiriza abantu bye bisinga okubeera mu bulabe.

Ebitonde eby’enjawulo n’enkuuma yaabyo

US y’emu ku nsi 17 ez’enjawulo ezirimu ebika by'ebitonde ebingi ebibeera mu kitundu kino : ebika by’ebimera nga 17,000 bibeera mu Amerika ne Alaska, era ebika by’ebimera ebirina ebimuli ebisukka mu 1,800 bisangibwa mu Hawaii, ebitono ku byo bibeera ku lukalu. Amerika erimu ebika by'ebisolo ebizaala 428, ebinyonyi 784, ebisolo ebyewalula oba reptiles 311, ekika kya Amphibians 295, n'ebika by'ebiwuka nga 91,000.

Waliwo amakuumiro g'ebisolo 63, n’ebikumi n’ebikumi by’ebijjukizo ebirala ebiddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, ebibira, n’ebitundu by’eddungu, ebiddukanyizibwa ekitongole kya National Park Service n’ebitongole ebirala. Ebitundu nga 28% ku ttaka ly'eggwanga lino lya gavumenti era liddukanyizibwa gavumenti eya wakati, okusinga mu masaza g'amawanga g'obugwanjuba . Ettaka lino erisinga likuumibwa, wadde ng’erimu lipangisibwa okukozesebwa mu by’obusuubuzi, era eritakka wansi wa kimu ku buli kikumi likozesebwa mu by’amagye.

Ensonga z'obutonde bw'ensi mu Amerika mulimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku by'obugagga ebitazzibwa buggya n'amaanyi ga nukiriya, obwonoona kw'empewo n'amazzi, ebitonde eby'enjawulo, okutema emiti n'okutema ebibira, n'enkyukakyuka y'obudde . Ekitongole kya America ekikuuma obutonde bwensi ekya Environmental Protection Agencyi (EPA) kye kitongole kya gavumenti eya wakati ekivunaanyizibwa ku nsonga ezisinga ezikwata ku butonde bw'ensi. Endowooza y’ettale ebadde ewa enzirukanya y’ettaka ly’olukale okuva mu 1964, n’etteeka ly’ettale. Etteeka ly’ebika by'ebitonde ebiri mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo erya 1973 liwa engeri y’okukuuma ebika ebiri mu katyabaga n’ebisangibwa mu katyabaga k’okusaanawo n’ebifo mwe bibeera. Ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku byennyanja n’ebisolo by’omu nsiko ekya United States Fish and Wildlife Service kissa mu nkola etteeka lino era ne lissa mu nkola. Mu 2024, Amerika yakwata ekifo kya 35 mu mawanga 180 mu muwendo gw'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi.

Gavumenti n’ebyobufuzi byayo

Amerika ggwanga lya federo eririmu amasaza 50 n’essza ekkulu erya federo, erya Washington, DC. Amerika ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebitali mu mateeka n’ebintu by’ebizinga ebiwerako ebitaliimu bantu. Y'ensi erimu federo esinga obukadde mu nsi yonna, era enkola yaayo ey'obwa pulezidenti eya gavumenti eya federo ebadde etwalibwa, mu bulambalamba oba mu kitundu, amawanga mangi agaba gaakafuna obwetwaze mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okuva mu mikono gy'abafuzi b'amatwale. Ssemateeka wa Amerika akola nga ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka eky'oku ntikko mu ggwanga.

Amerika ye yali esinga okumanyika mu demokulasiya ow’eddembe okumala ekitundu ekinene eky’ekyasa eky’abiri n’okutandika kw’ekyasa kyabirimwekimu, naye ebadde n’okudda emabega okw’amaanyi mu demokulasiya n’okukyuka okudda mu nfuga ey’ekintabuli nga muno mulimu enkola y’ebyobufuzi egatta ebintu eby’obwannakyewa ne demokulasiya. Gerrymandering, nga kino kirimu okukozesa obubi disitulikiti olw’okuganyulwa mu byobufuzi, kusaasaanidde nnyo era nga kibadde kivugibwa ensala za kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu myaka gya 2010 ne 2020. Waliwo okukubaganya ebirowoozo okugenda mu maaso mu bannassaayansi b’ebyobufuzi oba eggwanga lino lisinga kuteekebwa mu kibinja kya demokulasiya ow’eddembe mu kulonda oba demokulasiya atali mu ddembe, nga batono abakyalowooza nti etuukana n’embeera ya demokulasiya ow’eddembe omunywevu.

Gavumenti ya federo

Gavumenti ya federo erimu amatabi asatu, nga gonna ekitebe kyago ekikulu kisangibwa mu Washington, DC. Gavumenti ye gavumenti y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Ssemateeka wa Amerika assaawo okwawula obuyinza okugendereddwamu okussaawo enkola y’okukebera n’okutebenkeza okutangira amatabi gonna ku asatu okufuuka ag’oku ntikko. Enkola y’amatabi asatu emanyiddwa nga enkola ya pulezidenti, okwawukana ku nkola ya palamenti ng’ekitongole ekifuzi ekitundu ku kakiiko k’amateeka. Amawanga mangi okwetoloola ensi yonna gaakwata ensonga eno eya Ssemateeka wa Amerika eya 1789 naddala mu Amerika ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw’abafuzi b'amatwale.

Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti

Olukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress lukiiko luliko enjuyi z'ababaka bbiri olwa Senate n'olukiiko lw'ababaka. Senate erina bammemba 100 nga mulumi abatuuze babiri okuva mu buli ssaza era nga balondebwa abalonzi b’essaza eryo okumala ekisanja kya myaka mukaaga. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba Palamenti lulimu abakiise 435, nga balondebwa okumala ekisanja kya myaka ebiri okuva mu kitundu kya disitulikiti ya congress gye babeera. Olukiiko lw’ababaka ba palamenti olw’essaza lwe lusalawo ensalo za disitulikiti, ezikwatagana mu ssaza. Buli disitulikiti ya Amerika mu lukiiko lwa Congress erimu abantu abenkanankana era esindika omukiise omu mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Emyaka gy’okulonda eri aba senate gikyusibwakyusibwa ne kiba nti kimu kya kusatu kyokka ku bo kye kijja okubeera mu kulondebwa buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Ababaka ba Amerika bonna bagenda kulondebwa mu kiseera kye kimu buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Olukiiko lwa Amerika lukola amateeka ga federo, lulangirira olutalo, luyisa endagaano, lulina obuyinza bw’ensawo, era lulina obuyinza bw’okugoba omuntu mu ntebe. Ogumu ku mirimu gyayo egisinga obukulu egitali mu mateeka bwe buyinza okunoonyereza n’okulabirira ekitongole ekifuzi. Okulondoola kwa Congress kutera okuweebwa obukiiko era kuyimirizibwawo obuyinza bwa Congress okufulumya ebiragiro. Emirimu mingi egya Congress gikolebwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kw’obukiiko, nga buli kalondebwa olw’ekigendererwa oba omulimu ogw’enjawulo. Obwammemba bw’akakiiko buba bwa nnono n’amateeka g'enkola ya bipartisan, naye obukiiko bwonna bukubirizibwa mmemba aw’ekibiina ekisingamu abantu abangi, y’ateekawo enteekateeka y’akakiiko.

Akakiko kaalyo akakulu

Pulezidenti wa Amerika ye mukulembeze w’eggwanga, omuduumizi w’okuntikko, era akulira gavumenti eya federo. Pulezidenti alonda abakiise ba kabineti, nga Senate ekkirizibwa, era n’atuuma amannya g’abakungu abalala abaddukanya n’okussa mu nkola amateeka n’enkola ya federo nga bayita mu bitongole byabwe . Pulezidenti alina obusobozi okukuba akalulu ku biteeso by'amateeka okuva mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa Congress nga tegannafuuka mateeka. Wabula obuyinza bwa pulezidenti obw’okukuba akalulu buyinza okusasulwa n’obululu obw’ebitundu bibiri ku bisatu mu bibiina byombi ebya Congress. Pulezidenti era alina obuyinza bw'okusonyiwa emisango gya federo era asobola okufulumya okusonyiwa . N'ekisembayo, pulezidenti alina obuyinza okufulumya " ebiragiro by'abakulira emirimu " ebigazi mu bitundu by'enkola ebiwerako, nga bigenda kwekenneenyezebwa abalamuzi . Abeesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti batera okunoonya akalulu n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti gwe baba balonze, era bombi batera okulondebwa awamu, oba okuwangulwa awamu, mu kulonda kwa pulezidenti. Okwawukanako n’obululu obulala mu byobufuzi bya Amerika, kuno mu by’ekikugu kulonda okutali kwa butereevu nga muno omuwanguzi y’agenda okusalibwawo ekitongole ky’ebyokulonda mu Amerika. Eyo, obululu bukubwa mu butongole abalonzi ssekinnoomu abaalondebwa olukiiko lw’ababaka ba gavumenti mu ssaza lyabwe. Kyokka mu nkola, buli limu ku masaza 50 lironda ekibinja ky’abalonzi ba pulezidenti abeetaagibwa mu mateeka g’amasaza okukakasa omuwanguzi w’akalulu k’abantu bonna mu ssaza lyabwe. Buli ssaza liweebwa abalonzi babiri nga kwogasse n’omulonzi omu omulala ku buli disitulikiti ya ttabamiruka mu ssaza lino, mu butuufu nga kino kigatta okwenkana omuwendo gw’abalonde essaza ly’esindika mu lukiiko lwa Congress. Disitulikiti y’e Columbia, etaliimu bakiise wadde ba senate, eweebwa obululu busatu obw’okulonda. Pulezidenti n’omumyuka wa pulezidenti bombi bakola ekisanja kya myaka ena, era pulezidenti ayinza okuddamu okulondebwa mu ofiisi omulundi gumu gwokka, okumala ekisanja ekirala eky’emyaka ena.[ q ].

Essiga eddamuzi

Essiga eddamuzi erya Amerika erya federo, ng’abalamuzi baalyo bonna balondebwa pulezidenti obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekiwagidde, okusinga kirimu kkooti ensukkulumu mu Amerika, kkooti ezijulirwamu mu Amerika, ne kkooti za disitulikiti mu Amerika. Omutendera ogusinga wansi mu kitongole ekiramuzi ekya federo ye kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo, esalawo emisango gyonna egitwalibwa okuba wansi wa" obuyinza obw'olubereberye", gamba ng'amateeka ga federo, amateeka ga ssemateeka, oba endagaano z'ensi yonna. Oluvannyuma lwa kkooti ya disitulikiti eya federo okusalawo omusango, ensala yaayo eyinza okuvuganyizibwa n’esindikibwa mu kkooti enkulu, kkooti ejulirwamu eya federo. Enkola y’ekiramuzi mu Amerika ey’ebitundu 12 ebya federo byawula eggwanga lino mu bitundu 12 eby’enjawulo ebifuga eby’ettaka okusalawo ku kujulira. Kkooti eddako era esinga obukulu mu nkola eno ye Kkooti Ensukkulumu mu Amerika. Kkooti eno evvuunula amateeka n'ekyusa amateeka g'esanga nga tegakwatagana na ssemateeka.. Kkooti Eno efuna okusaba nga 7,000 okwa writs of certiorari buli mwaka, naye n’ekkiriza nga 80 zokka. Wadde erina ba mmemba 9 nga bakulirwa Ssabalamuzi wa America,kkooti eno ekola ensala yaayo nga esinziira ku muwendo omunene kye gusazeew. Mu musango gw’okuggyamu omuntu obwesige omusango gw’okugoba pulezidenti mu lukiiko lwa Senate, ssabalamuzi y’akubiriza. Nga bwe kiri ku balamuzi abalala bonna aba federo, abakiise balondebwa pulezidenti ali mu ntebe obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Senate ekkirizza ng’ekifo kifuuse ekikalu.

Ebitundu byayo ebitonotono

Mu nkola ya Amerika eya federo, obuyinza obw’obwannannyini bugabanyizibwa wakati w’emitendera esatu egya gavumenti egyalambikibwa mu Ssemateeka: gavumenti eya federo, amasaza, n’ebika by’Abayindi. Amerika era ekakasa obwannannyini ku bitundu bitaano ebibeeramu abantu bannansangwa: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, ne US Virgin Islands.

Abatuuze b’amasaza 50 bafugibwa gavumenti y’amasaza gye balonda, wansi wa ssemateeka w’amasaza akwatagana ne ssemateeka w’eggwanga, ne gavumenti z’ebitundu ezirondebwa nga zino ze bitundu ebifuga eby’essaza. Amasaza gagabanyizibwamu amagombolola oba ageefaananyiriza amagombolola, nga (okuggyako mu Hawaii) gasobola okukkiriza okutondebwawo kwa munisipaali ezeetongodde eziddukanyizibwa abalonde baago. Disitulikiti ya Columbia, disitulikiti ya federo erimu ekibuga ekikulu ekya Amerika, Washington, DC Disitulikiti ya federo kitundu kya gavumenti eya federo ekifuga.

Ebibiina byayo eby’obufuzi

Ssemateeka asirise ku bibiina by’obufuzi. Wabula baakulaakulana nga beetongodde mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omunaana n’ebibiina bya Federo n’ebya Anti-Federalist . Okuva olwo, Amerika yakola nga enkola ya de facto ey’ebibiina ebibiri, wadde ng’ebibiina byakyuka okumala ekiseera.

Okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda, ebibiina by’eggwanga ebibiri ebikulu bibadde Democratic Party ne Republican Party. Bannasayansi w’ebyobufuzi n’okunoonyereza ku byobufuzi okugeraageranya bassa ekibiina kya Democratic Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’eddembe ng’omusingi gwakyo ogw’ebyobufuzi guyimiridde okumpi n’amasekkati g’endowooza z’ebyobufuzi eby'enjuyi zombi, n’ekibiina kya Republican Party eky’omulembe guno ng’ekibiina eky’oku ddyo ekiwagira abantu n’eggwanga ng’ekibiina kyakyo eky’ebyobufuzi kiri ku ddyo okudda ku ddyo ennyo.

Enkolagana n’amawanga amalala

Amerika erina ensengeka eteereddwawo ey’enkolagana n’amawanga amalala, ng’ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene bw’abakungu we bwatuukira mu 2024. Eggwanga lino kkiise mu ery'enkalakkalira mu lukiiko lw'amawanga amagatte olw'ebyokwerinda era nga mwe muli ekitebe ky'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte. Amerika mmemba w'ebibiina bya gavumenti ebya G7, G20, ne OECD. Kumpi amawanga gonna galina ebitebe byago era mangi galina ba consulates (abakungu abakiikira) mu ggwanga lino. Mu ngeri y’emu, kumpi amawanga gonna gakyaza emisomo emitongole egy’ababaka ne Amerika, okuggyako Iran, North Korea, ne Bhutan. Wadde Taiwan terina nkolagana ntongole ya bubaka ne Amerika, ekuuma enkolagana ey’oku lusegere etali ntongole. Amerika bulijjo egabira Taiwan ebikozesebwa mu magye okuziyiza obulumbaganyi bwa China obuyinza okubaawo. Okufaayo kw'eggwanga lino mu by'obufuzi kweyongedde okudda ku Indo-Pacific, Amerika gye yeegatta ku Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ne AUKUS.

Amerika erina "Enkolagana ey'enjawulo " ne Bungereza n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi ne Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Japan, [ South Korea, Israel, n'amawanga agawerako ag'omukago gwa Bulaaya nga Bufalansa, Yitale, Girimaani, Spain, ne Poland . Amerika ekolagana nnyo n'emikwano gyayo egya NATO ku nsonga z'amagye n'ebyokwerinda by'eggwanga, era n'amawanga agali mu Amerika ng'eyita mu kibiina ky'amawanga ga Amerika n'endagaano ya Amerika–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . Amerika ekozesa obuyinza obujjuvu mu by'okwerinda mu nsi yonna n'obuvunaanyizibwa ku Micronesia, ebizinga bya Marshall ne Palau ng'eyita mu ndagaano ya Compact of Free Association. Eyongedde okukola enkolagana ey’ekigendererwa ne Buyindi ate ng’enkolagana yaayo ne China yeeyongera okukendeera. Okutandika ne 2014, Amerika yali efuuse omukwano omukulu ogwa Ukraine.

Amaje gaayo

Pulezidenti ye muduumizi w’amagye ow'okuntikko mu Amerika era yaalonda abakulembeze baago, omuwandiisi w’ebyokwerinda n’abakulira bannamagye . Ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda, ekitebe kyayo kiri ku Pentagon okumpi ne Washington, DC, nga kino kiddukanya amatabi ataano ku mukaaga ag’obuweereza, nga gano galimu eggye lya Amerika, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, ne Space Force . Abakuumi b’oku nnyanja baddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga mu biseera by’emirembe era nga basobola okukyusibwa ne batwalibwa mu kitongole ky’amagye g’oku mazzi mu biseera by’olutalo. Amagye gonna awamu gali nga akakadde 1.3 nga bano be bakola obutereevu okwo n'oteekako ne 400,000 ab'okwekuumisa.

Amagye ga Amerika wangi gatwalibwa ng’amagye agasinga amaanyi era ag’omulembe mu nsi yonna. Amerika yasaasaanya obuwumbi bwa ddoola 954 ku magye gaayo mu 2025, guno muwendo ogusinga obunji mu nsi yonna, nga zikola ebitundu 33% ku nsaasaanya y’amagye mu nsi yonna era nga zikola ebitundu 3.1% ku nnyingiza y’eggwanga lino. Amerika erina ebitundu 42% ku by’okulwanyisa bya nukiriya mu nsi yonna nga ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri oluvannyuma lw’eya Russia. Amerika erina amagye agakwata ekifo eky'okusatu mu bunene, nga eddirira amagye ga China People's Liberation Army n'amagye ga Buyindi. Ng’oggyeeko omukutu omunene ogw’enkambi z’amagye ku ttaka lyayo, Amerika ekuuma ebifo ebirala nga 800 okwetoloola ensi yonna, era eteeka abakozi abasukka mu 100 abakola emirimu mu buli emu ku nsi 25 ez’ebweru. Amerika yeenyigira mu bikolwa by’amagye ebisukka mu 400 okuva lwe yatandikibwawo mu 1776, nga ebitundu ebisukka mu kitundu ku bino byaliwo wakati wa 1950 ne 2019 ate 25% byaliwo mu mulembe ogw’oluvannyuma lw’olutalo olw’endowooza.

Amagye g’amasaa oba State defense forces (SDFs) bibinja by’amagye ebikola wansi w’obuyinza bwa gavumenti y’essaza yokka. SDFs zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'amasaza ne federo naye nga ziduumirwa gavana w'essaza. Okwawukana ku ekyo, ebibiina 54 ey’abakuumi b’eggwanga lya Amerika [ r ] bigwa wansi w’obuyinza obubiri obwa gavumenti z’amasaza oba ez’ebitundu ne gavumenti eya federo ; ebibinja byabwe nabyo zisobola okufuuka ebitongole ebya federo, naye SDF teziyinza kufuuka za federo. Abakozi mu by'okwerinda ab'eggwanga oba ab'essaza oba ekitundu basobola okufuuka aba federo nga kino kikolebwa pulezidenti wansi w'ennongoosereza mu tteeka ly'ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga erya 1933 ; etteeka lino lyatonda ekitongole ky’ebyokwerinda era ligatta ebibinja by’abakuumi b’eggwanga n’abakuumi b’omu bbanga n’abakozi mu magye ga Amerika ne (okuva mu 1947) eggye ly’omu bbanga erya Amerika. Omuwendo gwonna ogwa bammemba ba National Guard guli nga 430,000, ate nga amaanyi ga SDFs agabalirirwamu omugatte oguli wansi w'omu 10,000.

Okukwasisa amateeka n’okunoonya obwenkanya ku misango

Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya sheriff mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya poliisi mu ssaza birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ne US Marshals Service birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu, ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za kkooti za Amerika eza federo n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. Kkooti z’amasaza zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.

Mu Amerika mulimu ebitongole bya poliisi mu nga 18,000 okuva ku mutendera gw’ekitundu okutuuka ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna. Amateeka mu Amerika gasinga kussibwa mu nkola ebitongole bya poliisi eby’omu kitundu n’ebitongole bya sheriff mu bitundu byabwe ebya munisipaali oba mu masaza. Ebitongole bya poliisi mu ssaza birina obuyinza mu ssaza lyabyo, era ebitongole bya federo nga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ne US Marshals Service birina obuyinza bw’eggwanga n’emirimu egy’enjawulo, gamba ng’okukuuma eddembe ly’obuntu, ebyokwerinda by’eggwanga, okussa mu nkola ensala za kkooti za Amerika eza federo n’amateeka ga federo, n’emirimu gy’obumenyi bw’amateeka wakati w’amasaza. Kkooti z’amasaza zikola kumpi emisango gyonna egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka, ate kkooti za federo zisala emisango emitono ennyo egy'abantu baabulijjo n'abamenyi b'amateeka egyekuusa ku mateeka ga federo.

Wadde nga waliwo enkola ez’enjawulo ez’okusiba abantu, ebitongole bina ebikulu bye bifuga: amakomera ga federo, amakomera g’amasaza, amakomera g’omu kitundu, n’ebifo awagunjulirwa abaana abato . Amakomera ga federo gaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky'amakomera ekiyitibwa Federal Bureau of Prisons era nga gakwata abasibe nga tebannawozesebwa wamu n’abantu abasingisiddwa emisango gya federo. Amakomera g’amasaza, agaddukanyizibwa ekitongole ky’okutereeza abantu mu buli ssaza, gakwata abantu abasaliddwa ebibonerezo era n’okusibwa (ebiseera ebisinga okumala omwaka gumu) olw’emisango eminene. Amakomera g’omu kitundu bye bifo by’amasaza oba munisipaali ebisiba abawawaabirwa nga tebannawozesebwa; era bakwata abo abamala ebibonerezo ebimpi (ebiseera ebisinga nga tebannaweza mwaka mulamba). Ebifo ebitereeza abaana abato biddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’ebitundu oba ez’amasaza era bikola ng’ebifo eby’ekiseera ekiwanvu eri omwana yenna omuto asaliddwawo ng’abadde akola emisango era n’alagirwa omulamuzi okusibwa.

Mu Gwolubereberye 2023, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo eky’omukaaga mu nsi yonna mu kusiba abantu era nga erina bantu 531 ku buli bantu baamu 100,000 era nga ye yali esinga obunene mu makomera n’amakomera mu nsi yonna, ng’abantu abasoba mu bukadde 1.9 be basibibwa. ​ Okwekenneenya kwakolebwa ekitongole ky'ensi yonna ekikola ku By'obulamu nga kikozesa obubaka obukwata ku kufa okugeza okuva okuva mu 2010 kyalaga nti okuttingana mu maka kwali kwekubisizzaamu emirundi mukaaga okusinga ku kw'omumawanga agayingiza ennyonga kino kireetebwa okuttingana n'emmundu omuwendo kwagwo okwalinnya okutuuka mu muwendo gwa mirundi 25 okusingawo".

Enkola y'amateeka mu ggwanga lino abamu ku bannassaayansi b'ebyobufuzi n'abakugu mu by'amateeka bagiteeka mu kibinja ky'abakoera wansi w'enkola ya "partial rule of law ", okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri okw'omu 2026 okwakolebwa Bright Line Watch ne London School of Economics.

Ebyenfuna byayo

Amerika erina ebyenfuna ebyebika ebibiri ebikulaakulana ennyo, ebibadde ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu bwatiikirivu okuva nga 1890 . Ennyingiza yaayo mu 2024 [ e ] eyali esukka mu buwumbi bwa ddoola 29 yakola ebitundu ebisukka mu 25% ku bifulumizibwa mu by’enfuna by’ensi yonna, oba 15% ku bungi bw’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP). Okuva mu 1983 okutuuka mu 2008, okukula kwa GDP okwa Amerika okwa ddala okwagattibwa buli mwaka kwali 3.3%, bw’ogeraageranya n’obuzito bwa 2.3% mu bitundu ebirala ebya G7 . Eggwanga likwata ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku kweyongera kw'ennyingiza ekwata kyakubiri bwe kitereezebwa okusinziira ku miwendo gy’amaanyi g’okugula (PPP), ate mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza ya ssekinnoomu. Mu Gwokubiri 2024, ebbanja lyonna erya gavumenti eya wakati wa Amerika lyali obuwumbi bwa ddoola 34.4.

Ku kkampuni 500 ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna yaazo, 138 zaali n’ebibebe byazo mu Amerika mu 2025, omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna. Ddoola ya Amerika ye ssente esinga okukozesebwa mu nkolagana y'ensi yonna era ye ssente esinga mu nsi yonna okuterekebwa, nga ekyo kiva ku maanyi g'ebyenfuna by'eggwanga, amagye gaayo, enkola ya petrodollar, akatale kaayo akanene ak'eggwanika lya Amerika, ne Eurodollar yaayo ekwatagana. Amawanga agawerako gagikozesa nga ssente zaago entongole, ate mu ndala ye ssente entuufu. Amerika erina endagaano z'ebyobusuubuzi eby'eddembe n'amawanga agawerako omuli ne USMCA . Newankubadde nga Amerika etuuse ku ddaala ery’enkulaakulana y’ebyenfuna oluvannyuma lw’okukulaakulanya amakolero, era etera okuyogerwako ng’erina ebyenfuna by’obuweereza, ekyali y'amaanyi mu by’amakolero nga mu 2024, ekitongole ky’amakolero mu Amerika kyali kyakubiri mu nsi yonna mu bunene mu kwongera muwendo ku bifuluma oluvannyuma lwa China.

Ekibuga New York kye kifo ekikulu eky'ebyensimbi mu nsi yonna, era ekitundu kyakyo ekinene kye kisinga obunene mu by'enfuna mu nsi yonna. New York Stock Exchange ne Nasdaq, zombi ezisangibwa mu kibuga New York, ze zisinga obunene mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku katale n'ebyensimbi n'obusuubuzi. Amerika eri ku mwanjo mu nkulaakulana ya tekinologiya n'obuyiiya mu bintu bingi eby'ebyenfuna naddala mu by'obwakalimagezi; eby'amasannyalaze ne kompyuta; n'eddagala ly'ebyobujjanjabi; n’ebikozesebwa mu by’obujjanjabi, eby’omu bwengula n’eby’amagye. Ebyenfuna by'eggwanga bifukibwako amafuta olw'eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, ebikozesebwa ebikulaakulanye obulungi, n'ebibala bingi. Abasinga okusuubulagana ne Amerika b'eboomu mukago gwa Bulaaya, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Bungereza, Vietnam, Buyindi, ne Taiwan. Amerika ye nsi esinga okuyingiza ebintu mu nsi yonna era y'ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu kufulumya ebweru . [ s ] Ye nsi esinga okutunda obuweereza ebweru w'eggwanga mu nsi yonna.

Abamerika be basinga okuyingiza ssente mu maka n’abakozi mu mawanga agali mu mukago gwa OECD, era be basinga okuyingiza ssente mu maka era baali mu kifo kyakuna mu 2023, okuva mu kifo eky’omukaaga mu 2013. Nga ensaasaanya y’ensimbi z’omuntu ku buwumbi bwa doola ezisukka mu buwumbi 18.5 mu 2023, Amerika erina nnyo ssente ezitambulira mu baguzi nga bano beebaaatambuza ebyenfuna era nga ye katale akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna abakozesa. Amerika yasooka mu muwendo gwa ba buwumbi n’obukadde bwa ddoola mu 2023, nga balina obuwumbi 735 ne kumpi obukadde 22.

Obugagga mu Amerika bungi nnyo; mu 2011, abantu abakulu 10% abaasinga obugagga baalina ebitundu 72% ku bugagga bw’amaka g’eggwanga, ate ebitundu 50% ebya wansi baalina ebitundu 2% byokka. Obutali bwenkanya mu by’obugagga mu Amerika bweyongera nnyo okuva ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1980, era obutafaanagana mu nfuna mu Amerika bwatuuka ku likodi mu 2019. Mu mwaka gwa 2024, eggwanga lino lyalina ebimu ku bisinga obunene mu bugagga n’ennyingiza mu mawanga ga OECD. Okuva mu myaka gya 1970, wabaddewo okukutula kw’amagoba g’emisaala gya Amerika okuva ku kukola kw’abakozi. Waaliwo abantu nga 771,480 abatalina mwasirizi mu Amerika mu 2024. Mu mwaka gwa 2022, abaana obukadde 6.4 baafuna obutaba na mmere emala. Ekitongole kya Feeding America kyabalirira nti abaana nga omu ku buli bataano, oba obukadde nga 13, bafuna enjala mu Amerika era tebamanyi wa oba ddi lwe banaafuna emmere yaabwe eddako. Era mu mwaka gwa 2022, abantu nga obukadde 37.9, oba 11.5% ku bantu ba Amerika, baali babeera mu bwavu.

Amerika erina eggwanga ettono eririmu abantu abatali mu jmbeera nnungi era eddaamu okugabanya ensimbi entono okuyita mu bikolwa bya gavumenti okusinga amawanga amalala agasinga obungi agafuna ssente ennyingi. Lye gwanga lyokka elirina enkulaakulana eyaawaggulu era nga abakozi mu lyo ekyokubeera nga bausasulwa mu mpumula kyabulijjo, ​ wamu n'okuba erimu ku mawanga amatono agatalina ky'akusasula bantu bagenda mu kuwumulamu ko okuva ku mirimu ne famire zaabwe nga tteeka. Amerika erina ebitundu by’abakozi abafuna ssente entono okusinga kumpi ensi endala zonna ezaakulaakulana, okusinga olw’enkola ennafu ey’okuteesa okw’omuggundu n’obutaba na buwagizi bwa gavumenti eri abakozi abali mu bulabe.

Sayansi ne tekinologiya waayo

Amerika ebadde ekulembedde mu kuyiiya okwa tekinologiya okuva ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda n’okunoonyereza kwa ssaayansi okuva mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri. Enkola z’okukola ebitundu ebikyusibwakyusibwa n’okutandikawo amakolero g’ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu byuma byasobozesa okukola ebintu mu Amerika mu bungi ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda. Ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, okussa amasannyalaze mu makolero, okuleetebwawo kwa layini y'okukuŋŋaanya, n'obukodyo obulala obw'okukekkereza abakozi byatonda enkola y'okufulumya ebintu mu bungi.

Mu kyasa 21, Amerika ekyagenda mu maaso okuba emu ku mawanga agasinga mu nsi yonna mu bya ssaayansi, wadde nga China evuddeyo ng’evuganya ennyo mu bintu ebingi. Amerika y’esinga okusaasaanya ssente mu kunoonyereza n’enkulaakulana okusinga ensi yonna endala, era eri mu kifo kya mwenda okusinziira ku nnyingiza. Mu 2022, Amerika ye yali (oluvannyuma lwa China) ensi eyakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu mpapula za ssaayansi ezifulumizibwa. Mu 2021, Amerika yakwata kyakubiri (nayo oluvannyuma lwa China) mu muwendo gw’okusaba patent, n’ekyokusatu mu kusaba kw’obubonero bw’obusuubuzi n’okukola dizayini yz’amakolero (oluvannyuma lwa China ne Germany), okusinziira ku World Intellectual Property Indicators. Mu 2025 Amerika yakwata ekifo eky'okusatu (oluvannyuma lwa Switzerland ne Sweden) mu muwendo gw'obuyiiya mu nsi yonna . Amerika etwalibwa ng’ekulembedde mu nsi yonna mu kukulaakulanya tekinologiya wa Artificia Intelligence. Mu 2023, Amerika yakwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu tekinologiya (oluvannyuma lwa South Korea) okuva mu magazini ya Global Finance .

Okulambula kwayo mu bwengula

Amerika ekuumye enteekateeka y'obwengula okuva ku nkomerero y'emyaka gya 1950, okutandika n'okutandikawo ekitongole kya National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mu 1958. Mu 1961, Amerika yafuuka ensi eyookubiri (oluvannyuma lwa USSR) okusindika obulungi omuntu mu bwengula . Enteekateeka ya NASA eya Apollo (1961 – 1972) yatuuka ku kugwa ku Mwezi okwasooka nga kuliko abakozi n’omulimu gwa Apollo 11 ogwa 1969; kikyali kimu ku bikulu mu kitongole kino. ebirala ebyamaanyi ebyakolwa NASA mulimu pulogulaamu eyatuumibwa Space Shuttle program (1981–2011) ​​ ne pulogulaamu ya Voyager program (1972–leero), eya Hubble n'eya James Webb space telescopes ​​nga zino 9zaatongozebwa mu 1990 ne 2011 nga bwe zeddiringana)​ ne wabaayo n'eyakolebwa nga erimu emirimu mingi eya Mars Exploration Program (Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance) ​​​, NASA kye kimu ku bitongole bitaano ebikolaganira ku kitongole ekigatta abakolera okunoonyereza mu bwebungula ekya International Space Station (ISS); Ebikozesebwa Amerika byekola mu kitongole kino mulimu emirimu egiwera nga, Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), ne Tranquility (2010), wamu n’obuyambi obugenda mu maaso mu nteekateeka n’emirimu.

Ebitongole by'obwannannyini mu Amerika bye bifuga ekisaawe ky'okutambulira mu bwengula okuvaamu ssente. Aba Amerika abamanyiddwa ennyo mu kukola ennyonyi mu bwengula mulimu Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, ne SpaceX. Enteekateeka za NASA nga Commercial Crew Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, ne NextSTEP ziyanguyizza okwenyigiramu kw’ebitongole by’obwannannyini okweyongera mu nnyonyi z’omu bwengula mu Amerika.

Mu mwaka gwa 2023, Amerika yafuna amasannyalaze gaayo ebitundu nga 84% okuva mu bisigalira oba fossil fuel, era ensibuko y’amasannyalaze gaayo esinga obunene yali y'amafuta ga mafuta (38%), n’eddirirwa ggaasi ow’obutonde (36%),eza renewable sources (9%), amanda (9%), n’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya (9%). Mu 2022, Amerika yakola ebitundu nga 4% ku bantu b'ensi yonna, naye yakozesa ebitundu nga 16% ku masannyalaze g'ensi yonna. Amerika ekwata ekifo kyakubiri mu kufulumya omukka ogwonoona obutonde oluvannyuma lwa China.

Amerika ye nsi esinga okufulumya amasannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna, ng’ekola ebitundu nga 30% ku masannyalaze ga nukiriya mu nsi yonna. Era erina omuwendo gwa riyaaktori z’amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ezisinga obungi mu nsi yonna. Okuva mu mwaka gwa 2024, Amerika eteekateeka okukubisaamu emirundi esatu amasannyalaze aga nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2050.

Amerika erina enguudo eziweza mayiro obukadde buna ( obukadde bwa kiromita 6.4 ), kumpi zonna za gavumenti z’amasaza n’ez’ebitundu, oukutu gwazo gwe gusinga obuwanvu mu nsi yonna.​​ Enkola eno eyongera okugaziyizibwa enguudo za gavumenti n'enguudo ezimu ez'obwannannyini ezisasulwa .

Amerika y’emu ku nsi ekkumi ezisinga okubeera n’embeera y'abuli muntu okuba n'emmotoka eyiye (emmotoka 850 ku buli bantu 1,000) mu 2022. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2022 kwazuula nti ebitundu 76% ku basabaze mu Amerika bavuga bokka ate 14% bavuga obugaali, omuli bannannyini ddigi n’abakozesa emikutu gy’okugabana obugaali. Ebitundu nga 11% bakozesa engeri emu ey’entambula ey’olukale.

Entambula ey’olukale mu Amerika erina enkulaakulanalana ennungi mu bitundu by’ebibuga ebisinga obunene, naddala mu kibuga New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, ne San Francisco Bay Area; bwe kitaba ekyo, okutwalira awamu okusaasaana kwayo si kungi nga mu nsi endala ezikyakula. Amerika nayo erina ebitundu bingi ebyesigama ku mmotoka .

Olugendo oluwanvu wakati w’ebibuga lusinga kukolebwa kkampuni z’ennyonyi, naye okutambula n’eggaali y’omukka kusinga kubeera ku luguudo lwa Northeast Corridor, eggaali y’omukka yokka ey’amaanyi mu Amerika etuukana n’omutindo gw’ensi yonna gy’ekola. Amtrak, kkampuni y’eggaali y’omukka ey’eggwanga ey’abasaabaze eyambibwako gavumenti y’eggwanga lino, erina omukutu mutono bw’ogeraageranya n’ogw’amawanga ga Bulaaya ey’Obugwanjuba. Empeereza esinga mu Northeast, California, Midwest, ne Pacific Northwest. Omukutu gw'entambula y'eggaali y'omukka mu ggwanga lino, ogusinga obuwanvu mu nsi yonna ku 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2). km), esinga kukola ku by’emigugu (okwawukana ku ggaali y’omukka esinga okutambuza abasaabaze mu Bulaaya ). Olw’okubaemirimu gitera okubae gy’obwannannyini, eggaali y’omukka mu Amerika zisigaliddemudde emabega mu nsi yonna mu by’amasannyalaze.

Amerika erina omukutu omunene ogw’entambula y’ennyonyi. Ennyonyi za Amerika ez’abantu baabulijjo zonna za bwannannyini. Ennyonyi essatu ezisinga obunene mu nsi yonna, okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abasaabaze bonna abatambuzibwa, zisangibwa mu Amerika; American Airlines yafuuka ekulembedde mu nsi yonna oluvannyuma lw'okwegatta ku kkampuni ya US Airways mu 2013 . Ku bisaawe by'ennyonyi 50 ebisingamu abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, 16 biri mu Amerika, awamu n'ebitaano ku 10 ebisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi Ekisaawe ky'ennyonyi ekisinga okubeera n'abantu abangi mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku bungi bw'abasaabaze ye Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International mu Atlanta, Georgia . Mu mwaka gwa 2022, ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebisinga ku 19,969 eby’omu Amerika byali bya gavumenti ez’ebitundu era nga biddukanyizibwa, era waliwo n’ebisaawe by’ennyonyi ebimu eby’obwannannyini. Nga 5,193 ziwandiikiddwa nga "okukozesebwa abantu bonna", omuli n'ennyonyi eza bulijjo . Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’okwerinda mu by’entambula ekya Transportation Security Administration (TSA) kibadde kiwa obukuumi ku bisaawe by’ennyonyi ebinene ebisinga okuva mu 2001.

Amakubo g'okumazzi ag’eggwanga lino agali munda mu ggwanga ge gakwata ekifo eky’okutaano mu buwanvu mu nsi yonna, nga gonna awamu gali 25,482 mi (41,009) nga bwe km) . Zikozesebwa nnyo mu kutambuza emigugu, okwesanyusaamu, n’okutambuza abasaabaze abatono. Ku myalo 50 egy’okutwala abantu abangi mu nsi yonna, ena giri mu Amerika, ng’esinga okubeera n’abantu abangi mu ggwanga lino gwe mwalo gw’e Los Angeles .

Ebikwata ku bungi bw’abantu baayo

Obungi bw'abantu

Ekitongole ky’okubala abantu mu Amerika kyategeeza nti abantu 331,449,281 baali batuuze nga 1 Ogwokuna, 2020, [ t ] ekifudde Amerika ensi ey’okusatu mu nsi yonna mu bungi bw’abantu, oluvannyuma lwa Buyindi ne China. Okubalirira kw'abantu mu butongole okwa 2025 ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu kwali 341,784,857, nga kino kyeyongera ebitundu 3.1% okuva mu kubala abantu okwakolebwa mu 2020. Okusinziira ku ssaawa ya Bureau's US Population Clock, nga 1 Ogwomusanvu, 2024, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Amerika gwafuna okweyongera kw'amuntu omu buli sikonda 16, oba abantu nga 5400 buli lunaku. Mu mwaka gwa 2023, 51% ku Bamerika ab’emyaka 15 n’okudda waggulu baali bafumbo, 6% baali bannamwandu, 10% baali baawukanye, ate 34% baali tebafumbirwangako. Mu 2023, omuwendo gw'obusobozi bwokuzaala mu America gwali gwa abaana1.6 ku buli mukazi,​​ era ku bitundu 23%, yeeyalina omuwendo gw'abaana abaali babeera n'abazadde abaayawukana mu maka mu 2019.​ Abamerika abasinga babeera mu njegooyego z'ebifo ebikulu.

Amerika erina abantu ab’enjawulo; Ebibinja ebigatta abafaanaganya obuvo 37 birina bammemba abasoba mu kakadde kamu. Abazungu Abamerika abava mu Bulaaya, Middle East, oba North Africa be basinga obungi mu mawanga n'olubu lw'eggwanga nga 57.8% ku bantu ba Amerika. Aba Hispanic ne Latino Americans be bakola ekibinja ekyokubiri mu bunene era nga bali 18.7% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abafirika Abamerika be bakola ekibinja eky’okusatu mu bunene mu ggwanga lino era nga bali 12.1% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. Abamerika abava mu Asia be kibinja eky'okuna mu bunene mu ggwanga lino, nga bakola ebitundu 5.9% ku bantu ba Amerika. Abamerika bannansangwa bakola obukadde 3.7 mu ggwanga lino era bye ebitundu nga 1%, era ebika binnansangwa nga 574 bimanyiddwa gavumenti eya federo. Mu mwaka gwa 2024, emyaka gya wakati egy'abantu mu Amerika gyali gya myaka 39.1.

Okukula kw'ebibuga

Abamerika nga 82% babeera mu kumbi n'ebifo eby'amaanyi naddala mu njegooyego z'ebibuga ne mu byalo; nga kitundu ku abo babeera mu bibuga ebirimu abantu abasukka mu 50,000. [ Mu 2024, munisipaali ezaali zigattiddwa zaalina abantu abaali basukka mu 100,000​​​, ebibuga 11 byalimu abatuuze abaali basukka mu kakadde kamu, era ebibuga bina omuli New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, ne Houston byalina abantu abaali basukka mu bukadde obubiri. Ebifo ebyamaaanyi mu Amerika nga 56 birina abatuuze akakadde kamu oba okusingawo.

Ebbanga ttono emabega ebitundu ebyalimu abantu abangi n'okukula byali mu Bukiikaddyo, lwakuba nga ebitundu by'omu bukiikaddyo eby'ensalosalo za Mexico ne Gulf Coast ziri mu kabi ak'okulumbibwa omuyaga ogwamaanyi era omuwendo gw'abantu gwakendeera nnyo mu 2025. Ekibuga kya New York ekyali kyafuna ennyo abasenze mu 2024, kyaddirira nekidda mu kifo kye 13 olwensonga z'okukendeeramu mu bantu abaali bayingira eggwanga. N'olwekyo ebifo eisingamu abantu byasigala biri Houston ne Dallas-Fort Worth, ne kuddako Atlanta, Phoenix ne Charlotte.

Olulimi lwabwe

Wadde ng’ennimi n’enjogera nnyingi mu Amerika, Olungereza lwe lusinga okwogerwa n’okuwandiikibwa. Olungereza olw'ekika kya De facto, lwe lulimi olutongole mu Amerika, era mu 2025, Executive Order 14224 yalangirira Olungereza ng'olutongole. Wabula Amerika tebangako na lulimi lutongole oluteekebwawo mu mateeka, anti Congress teyisangako tteeka kulaga Lungereza nga lutongole ku matabi gonna asatu aga federo. Amateeka agamu, gamba nga US naturalization requirements, wadde kiri kityo, gassa Olungereza ku mutindo. Amasaza 28 n’ebizinga bya Amerika ebya Virgin Islands galina amateeka agalaga Olungereza ng’olulimi lwokka olutongole; Amasaza 19 ne District of Columbia tegalina lulimi lutongole. Amasaza asatu n’ebitundu bina ebya Amerika bikkirizza ennimi z’omu kitundu oba enzaaliranwa ng’oggyeeko Olungereza: Hawaii ( Oluhawaiian ), Alaska ( ennimi amakumi abiri ez’Enzaalwa ), [ u ] South Dakota ( Sioux ), American Samoa ( Samoan ), Puerto Rico ( Spanish ), Guam ( Chamorro ), n’ebizinga by’obukiikakkono bwa Mariana ( Carolinian ne Chamorro ). Okutwalira awamu, ennimi z’Abamerika enzaaliranwa 169 ze zoogerwa mu Amerika. Mu Puerto Rico, Olusipeyini lwogerwa nnyo okusinga Olungereza.

Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu Amerika (2020), abantu nga obukadde 245.4 mu Amerika ab’emyaka etaano n’okudda waggulu baali boogera Olungereza lwokka awaka. Abantu obukadde nga 41.2 be boogera Olusipeyini awaka, ekifuula olulimi olwokubiri mu kusinga okukozesebwa. Ennimi endala ezoogerwa awaka abantu akadde kamu oba okusingawo mulimu Oluchina (obukadde 3.40), Olutagalog (obukadde 1.71), Oluviyetnam (obukadde 1.52), Oluwarabu (obukadde 1.39), Olufaransa (obukadde 1.18), Olukorea (obukadde 1.07), n’Olurussia (obukadde 1.04). Olugirimaani, olwayogerwa abantu obukadde 1 awaka mu 2010, lwagwa okutuuka ku bantu 881,000 abaabalirirwamu bonna awamu mu 2020.

Okuyingira mu nsi

Omuwendo gw’abasenze mu Amerika gwe gusinga obungi mu nsi yonna mu ngeri entuufu . Mu 2022, mu Amerika mwalimu abasenze obukadde 87.7 n’abaana b’abasenze abazaalibwa mu Amerika, nga bano bakola kumpi ebitundu 27% ku bantu bonna mu Amerika. Mu 2017, ku bantu Abamerika abaazaalibwa ebweru w’eggwanga, nga 45% ( obukadde 20.7 ) baali bannansi abasibukayo mu butonde, 27% (obukadde 12.3 ) baali batuuze ab’enkalakkalira mu mateeka, 6% (obukadde 2.2 ) baali batuuze mu mateeka ab’ekiseera, ate 23% (obukadde 10.5 ) baali basenze abatakkirizibwa . Mu mwaka gwa 2019, amawanga agasinga okusibukamu abagwiira gaali Mexico (24% ku basenze), Buyindi (6%), China (5%), Philippines (4.5%), ne El Salvador (3%). Mu mwaka gw’ebyensimbi 2022, abagwira abasukka mu kakadde kamu (abasinga obungi ku bo baayingira nga bayita mu kugatta amaka ) baweebwa obutuuze mu mateeka. Omuwendo gw’abagwira abatalina biwandiiko mu Amerika gwatuuka ku likodi ya bukadde 14 mu 2023.

Eddiini

Ennongoosereza esooka ekakasa okusoma eddiini mu ddembe mu ggwanga era egaana Congress okuyisa amateeka agassa ekitiibwa mu kugitandikawo. Enkola y’eddiini esaasaanidde nnyo, mu zisinga okuba ez’enjawulo mu nsi yonna, era zijjudde nnyo.

Eggwanga lino lisingamu Abakrisitaayo mu nsi yonna, nga muno mwe muli n'ekifo eky'okuna mu bungi bw'Abakatoliki . Enzikiriza endala ez'amaanyi mulimu enzikiriza z'Ekiyudaaya, Buddha, Hindu, Obusiraamu, New Age, n'amadiini g'Abamerika bannansangwa. Enkola y’eddiini eyawukana nnyo okusinziira ku bitundu. " Ceremonial deism " ya bulijjo mu buwangwa bw'Abamerika.

Abamerika abasinga obungi bakkiririza mu maanyi oba amaanyi ag’omwoyo agasingako, beenyigira mu bikolwa eby’omwoyo ng’okusaba, era beetwala okuba ab’eddiini oba ab’omwoyo . Mu " Bible Belt " ey'obukiikaddyo bwa Amerika, Obupolotesitante obw'enjiri bukola kinene mu buwangwa; New England ne Western America zitera okuba ez'ensi . Mormonism, ekibiina ky’aba Restorationist ekyatandikibwawo mu Amerika mu 1847, ye ddiini esinga mu Utah era ddiini enkulu mu Idaho.

Eby'obulamu byayo

Okusinziira ku kitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku kulwanyisa endwadde ekya Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), emyaka omuntu gyasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi (life expectancy) mu Amerika gyatuuka ku myaka 79.0 mu 2024, nga guno gwe muwendo ogusinga obunene ogwawandiikibwa. Kino kyali kyeyongedde emyaka 0.6 okusinga omwaka 2023. Ekitongole kino ki CDC kyavudde ku kukendeera okw’amaanyi mu muwendo gw’eddagala erisukkiridde eritta abantu mu ggwanga lino, ne kitegeeza nti “obulwadde bw’omutima bukyagenda mu maaso n’okutta abantu mu Amerika, nga buddirirwa kookolo n’obuvune obutaba bugenderere.” Mu 2024, emyaka abasajja Abamerika gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi gyalinnya okutuuka ku myaka 76.5 (+0.7 emyaka bw’ogeraageranya ne 2023), ate bw’abakyala giri 81.4 (+0.3 years). Okutandika mu 1998, emyaka gye basuubirwa okubeera ku nsi mu Amerika gyagwa emabega w'amawanga amalala agagagga agakulaakulanye mu by'amakolero, era ekituli ky'Abamerika "obuzibu mu bulamu" kibadde kyeyongera okuva olwo.

Ekitongole kya Commonwealth Fund kyategeeza mu 2020 nti Amerika ye yasinga okubaamu embeera z'okwetta mu mawanga agalina ennyingiza eyaawaggulu. Nga kimu kya kusatu eky’abantu abakulu mu Amerika balina omugejjo, ate ekirala kya kusatu bazito nnyo. Ensaasaanya ku y’ebyobulamu mu Amerika esinga nnyo ey’ensi endala yonna, epimiddwa mu nsaasaanya ya buli muntu n’ebitundu ku kikumi ku GDP, naye efuna ebivaamu mu by’obulamu ebibi bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga ga bannaabwe olw’ensonga ezikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo. Amerika ye nsi yokka eyakulaakulana etalina nkola ya bulamu bwa bonna, era ekitundu ekinene eky'abantu abatalina yinsuwa y'ebyobulamu. Enkola y'okutuusa eby'obulamu ku baavu (Okusasulwa ssente okuva mu gavumenti eri abaavu ( Medicaid ) n’abo ab’emyaka 65 n’okudda waggulu ( Medicare ) weeri eri Abamerika abatuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’enyingiza oba emyaka gya pulogulaamu. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti Barack Obama yayisa etteeka eryayitibwa Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . [ v ] ​​ [ w ] Okuva kkooti enkulu lwe yasalawo mu 2022 ng'eyita mu Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, kino kyasinga ekya Roe v. Wade (1973) ekyali ku kuggyamu embuto tekikyakkirizibwa mu mateeka ga federo naye okukolebwa kwakyo kwekuusa ku mateeka agagobererwa mu masaza ag'enjawulo.

Eby'enjigiriza byayo

Ebyenjigiriza bya Amerika ebya pulayimale ne siniya, ebimanyiddwa mu Amerika nga K–12 ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), biri mikono gya gavumeti wamu n'abobwannannyini. Enkola z’amasomero ziddukanyizibwa gavumenti z’amasaza, ez’ebitundu, n’oluusi eza munisipaali era nga zifugibwa ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza mu Amerika. Okutwaliza awamu, abaana balina okugenda ku ssomero oba essomero ly’awaka erikkirizibwa okuva ku myaka etaano oba mukaaga ( kindergarten oba first grade ) okutuusa lwe baweza emyaka 18. Kino kitera okuleeta abayizi okuyita mu siniya ey’ekkumi n’ebiri, omwaka ogusembayo mu ssomero lya siniya erya Amerika, naye amasekkati n’ebitundu ebimu bibakkiriza okuva mu ssomero nga bukyali, ku myaka 16 oba 17. Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku by’enjigiriza ku buli muyizi okusinga ensi endala yonna, nga buli mwaka buli muyizi wa gavumenti eya pulayimale ne siniya mu 2020–2021. Mu Bamerika ab’emyaka 25 n’okudda waggulu, 92.2% baatikkirwa mu siniya, 62.7% baagenda mu ttendekero erimu, 37.7% baafuna diguli esooka, ate 14.2% baafuna diguli. Omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika mu Amerika kumpi gwa bonna. Amerika efulumizza abawanguzi b'ekirabo kya Nobel abasinga obungi mu nsi yonna, nga 411 (ewangudde engule 413).

Amatendekero aga waggulu mu Amerika gafunye erinnya mu nsi yonna. Yunivasite nnyingi ez’oku ntikko mu nsi yonna, nga bwe ziwandiikiddwa ebibiina eby’enjawulo ebikola ensengeka, ziri mu Amerika, nga ku 25 ezisinga 19 ku zo ziri mu America Amatendekero g’awaggulu mu America agasinga ga gavumenti wadde nga ag'obwannayini gayingiza abayizi Abamerika ebitundu 20%. KKolegi ez'omu kitundu okutwalira awamu gawa okuyingira mu lujjudde, ebisale ebitono, n’okukola emisomo egivaamu diguli ey’emyaka ebiri ey’omuyambi oba satifikeeti etali ya diguli.

Ku nsaasaanya ya gavumenti ku by’enjigiriza ebya waggulu, Amerika esaasaanya ssente nnyingi ku buli muyizi okusinga ku kigero kya OECD, ate Abamerika basaasaanya ssente nnyingi okusinga amawanga gonna mu nsaasaanya ya gavumenti n’ey’obwannannyini wamu. Amatendekero ga kkolegi ne yunivasite agaweebwa ssente butereevu okuva mu gavumenti eya federo era tezisasula ssente za kusoma era zitwala bantu bamu omuli bannamagye n'abakozi ba gavumenti, omuli: abayivu mu by'obuweereza mu Amerika, essomero lya Naval Postgraduate School, n'amatendekero g'abakozi b'amagye. Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezimu ez’okusonyiwa ebbanja ly’abayizi, ebbanja lya looni y’abayizi lyeyongera ebitundu 102% wakati wa 2010 ne 2020, era ne lisukka doola akawumbi 1.7 mu mwaka gwa 2022.

Obuwangwa n’embeera z’abantu

Amerika maka ga, embu z'amawanga, obuwangwa, n'ennono ez’enjawulo. Eggwanga lino libadde lyogerwako ng'erina empisa z'okwefaako kwa ssekinnoomu n'okwefuga kw'omuntu, wamu n'empisa z'emirimu ez'amaanyi n'okuvuganya . Okufaayo ku balala nga kyeyagalire nakyo kikola kinene; okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2016 okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Charities Aid Foundation, Abamerika baawaayo 1.44% ku nnyingiza yaabwe yonna eri abazirakisa , nga gwe omuwendo ogusinga obunene mu nsi yonna n’enjawulo ennene. Abamerika okuva edda babadde bamanyiddwa olw'enzikiriza y'ebyobufuzi ebagatta mu " American Creed " essa essira ku kukkiriza kw'abafugibwa, eddembe, obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka, demokulasiya, obwenkanya mu bantu, eddembe ly'obwannannyini, n'okwagala gavumenti eriko ekkomo. [ x ] Amerika efunye obuyinza obw'amaanyi amakalubo era n'amagonvu okuyita mu buyinza bwayo obw'obwenkanya, amaanyi gaayo mu by'enfuna, emikago gy'amagye, n'okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga eby'obuwangwa nga firimu z'Amerika, ennyimba, emizannyo gya vidiyo, emizannyo, n'emmere. Enkola ya Amerika mu kuleetera ensi endala okugifaanana ng'eyita mu maanyi amagonvu eyitibwa Americanization.

Kumpi Abamerika bonna abaliwo oba bajjajjaabwe baava mu Bulaaya, Afirika, oba Asia (" Ensi Enkadde ") mu byasa bitaano ebiyise. Obuwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu buwangwa bwa mawanga g’obugwanjuba okusinga obusibuka mu nnono z’abasenguka Abazungu nga bulina ebikwatibwako okuva mu nsonda endala nnyingi, gamba ng’ennono ezaaleetebwa abaddu okuva mu Africa. Okusenguka okusembyeyo okuva mu Asia n’okusingira ddala Latin America kwongera ku kutabula kw’obuwangwa okubadde okwogerwako ng’ensuwa esaanuuka, n’ebbakuli ya kachumbaali ow’enjawulo, ng’abasenguka bayamba, emirundi mingi okugatta mu buwangwa bwa Amerika obukulu.

Mu nnongoosereza eyasooka mu Ssemateeka, Amerika etwalibwa ng'erina obukuumi obw'amaanyi obw'eddembe ly'okwogera okusinga ensi endala yonna . Okutyoboola bendera, okwogera eby'obukyayi, okuvvoola, okuyisa amaaso mu mukulembeze w'eggwanga byonna ngeri za kwolesa okukuumibwa. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Pew Research Center mu 2016 kwazuula nti Abamerika be basinga okuwagira eddembe ly’okwogera mu byobufuzi byonna ebipimiddwa. Okugatta ku ekyo, be "basinga okuwagira eddembe ly'amawulire n'eddembe ly'okukozesa yintaneeti awatali kusengejja gavumenti". Amerika nsi ekulaakulanye mu mbeera z'abantu ng'erina endowooza ey'okuguminkiriza ezeetoolodde kikula ky'abantu . Eddembe lya LGBTQ mu Amerika lye limu ku lisinga ly'awaggulu okusinziira ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna.

Ekirooto ky’Amerika, oba endowooza nti Abamerika banyumirwa emitendera egy’okuyukakyuka mu bantu, kikola kinene mu kusikiriza abagwira. Okuba kw'endowooza eno entuufu ebadde nsonga ya kukubaganyako birowoozo. Wadde ng’obuwangwa obukulu bugamba nti Amerika nsi etaliimu madaala g'awula bantu, abakenkufu balaba enjawulo ennene wakati w'amadaala g’abantu mu ggwanga, ekikosa enkolagana y’abantu, olulimi, n’empisa. Abamerika batera okutwala ennyo ebituukiddwaako mu by’enfuna by'abantu ng’ekikulu, naye okubeera owa bulijjo oba owa wakati kitumbulwa abamu ng’embeera ey’ekikungu nayo.

Ekitongole kya National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities kitongole kya gavumenti ya Amerika eya federo ekyatandikibwawo mu 1965 n'ekigendererwa eky'oku "kulaakulanya n'okutumbula enkola y'eggwanga eyalowoozebwa mu bugazi ey'okuwagira eby'obuntubulamu n'eby'emikono mu Amerika, n'olw'ebitongole ebikuuma eby'obuwangwa bya Amerika."

Ebyagiwandiikibwako

Abawandiisi b’Amerika ab’amatwale baakwatibwako John Locke n’abawi b'endowooza abalala . Ekiseera ky'enkyukakyuka mu Amerika (175–1783) kyeyoleka nnyo olw'ebiwandiiko by'ebyobufuzi ebya Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, ne Thomas Jefferson . Akaseera katono ng’olutalo lw’enkyukakyuka terunnabaawo, olupapula luno lwalinnya mu ttutumu, ne lujjuza obwetaavu bw’ebiwandiiko by’eggwanga ebyali biwakanya Bungereza. Omuzannyo ogwasooka gwe gwa William Hill Brown ogwa The Power of Sympathy, ogwafulumizibwa mu 1791. Omuwandiisi era omuvumirira John Neal ku ntandikwa okutuuka mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda yayamba okutumbula Amerika okutuuka ku biwandiiko n’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ng’avumirira abasooka nga Washington Irving olw’okukoppa bannaabwe ab’e Bungereza, era ng’akwata ku bawandiisi nga Edgarn Poe, eyatwala ebitontome by’Amerika n’ebitontome ebimpi mu makubo amapya. Ralph Waldo Emerson ne Margaret Fuller be baatandikawo ekibiina kya Transcendentalism ekyalina amaanyi mu bantu; Henry David Thoreau, omuwandiisi w'ekitabo Walden, yasikirizibwa ekibiina kino.

Enkaayana ezaali zeetoololera ku nkola y’okuggyawo abaddu zaaluŋŋamya abawandiisi, nga Harriet Beecher Stowe, n’abawandiisi abaali boogera ku baddu, nga Frederick Douglass . Ekitabo kya Nathaniel Hawthorne ekiyitibwa The Scarlet Letter (1850) kyanoonyereza ku ludda olw’ekizikiza mu byafaayo bya Amerika, nga bwe kyali mu kitabo kya Herman Melville ekya Moby-Dick (1851). Abayimbi abakulu mu Amerika ab’omu kyasa ekya 19 mu kiseera ky’okuzzaawo eddiini y’Amerika kuliko Walt Whitman, Melville, ne Emily Dickinson. Mark Twain ye muwandiisi omukulu Omumerika eyasooka okuzaalibwa mu mawanga g'obugwanjuba. Henry James yafuna okusiimibwa mu nsi yonna n’ebitabo bye nga The Portrait of a Lady (1881). Ng’omuwendo gw’abamanyi okusoma n’okuwandiika gweyongera, aba periodicals baafulumyanga byafulumya emboozi endala ezaali zeetooloolera ku bakozi mu makolero, abakyala, n’abaavu ab’omu byalo. Enzikiriza y’obutonde (Naturalism) enkola y’ebitundu, (regionalism) n’enkola ey’amazima ( realism) bye byali ebibiina ebikulu omwaggyibwanga emiramwa mu biwandiiko mu kiseera ekyo.  

Wadde ng’okutwalira awamu enkola y’omulembe yafuna okusaasaana mu nsi yonna, abawandiisi ab’omulembe abaali bakola munda mu Amerika baali batera okusimba emirandira gy’emirimu gyabwe mu bitundu, abantu, n’obuwangwa ebimu. Oluvannyuma lw’okusenguka okwamaanyi okugenda mu bibuga eby’obukiikakkono, abawandiisi Abafirika-Abamerika n’abaddugavu aba West Indian ab’omulembe gw’okuzzaawo eddiini mu Harlem baakola ennono eyetongodde ey’ebiwandiiko eyavumirira ebyafaayo ebyalimu enjawukana mu madaala g'abantu era nga bakuza obuwangwa bw’abaddugavu. Ekikulu eky'obuwangwa okutunda ebweru w'eggwanga mu kiseera kya Jazz, ebiwandiiko bino byali bikulu nnyo ku Négritude, nga eno yali ndowooza eyajja gya 1930 mu bawandiisi aba francophone ab'omu Afirika abali mu nsi endala.​ ​ Mu myaka gya 1950, ekirowoozo ky'okuba n'embeera ezifaanagana yaleetera abawandiisi bangi okugezaako okuwandiika ekitabo ekya Great American Novel,nga omulembe gwa Beat Generation bo baagaana endowooza eno nga bakozesa engeri ezaasitula ebyali biva mu kwogera ebitaali bya kukola bikolwa okunnyonnyola okukozesa ebiragalalagala, embeera z'ekikula, n'okulemwa mu bantu. Ebiwandiiko eby’omulembe guno bitunuulira nnyo ebintu mu bungi okusinga mu mirembe egyayita, ng’ekintu ekisinga okuba okumpi n’ekintu ekigatta abantu gwe muze gw’okugezesa olulimi . Aba Amerika 12 abawangula baabawa ekirabo kya Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ebyempuliziganya byayo

Ebitongole ebina ebikulu ebiweereza ku mpewo mu Amerika byebya; kampuni ya National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), ne Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). Emikutu gya ttivvi ena emikulu egy’okuweereza ku mpewo gyonna gya bya busuubuzi. Ekitongole kya Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) kye kitongole ekinene mu ggwanga ekiweereza ku mpewo z'olukale ezitali za bya busuubuzi ; era egaba pulogulaamu z’ebyenjigiriza ng’eyita mu ndaga PBS ez’omu kitundu. Enkola ya U.S. cable television system egaba ebikumi n’ebikumi by’emikutu egikola ku bifo eby’enjawulo. Mu 2021, nga 83% ku Abamerika abasukka mu myaka 12 baawuliriza leediyo ku mpewo, ate nga 40% baawuliriza podcasts. Mu mwaka ogwali guyise, waaliwo leediyo 15,460 ezaalina layisinsi okukola wonna mu Amerika okusinziira ku kakiiko k’ebyempuliziganya aka Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Okuweereza ku leediyo z'olukale kusinga kuweebwa leediyo ya ggwanga (NPR), eyassibwawo mu Gwokubiri 1970 wansi w'etteeka ly'okuweereza ku mpewo mu lujjudde erya 1967 .

Empapula z'amawulire mu Amerika ezituuse mu nsi yonna era ezimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, ne USA Today . Ebiwandiiko nga 800 bifulumizibwa mu lulimi Olusipeyini. Ng’oggyeeko abatono, empapula z’amawulire za bwannannyini, oba enjegere ennene nga Gannett oba McClatchy, ezirina empapula z’amawulire amakumi oba n’ebikumi; nga bakozesa enjegere entonotono ezirina empapula entonotono; oba mu mbeera eyeeyongera okubeera etali ya bulijjo, mu bantu ssekinnoomu oba amaka. Ebibuga ebinene bitera okuba n’empapula z’amawulire endala okujjuuliriza empapula z’amawulire enkulu eza buli lunaku, gamba nga The Village Voice mu kibuga New York ne LA Weekly mu Los Angeles. Emikutu etaano egisinga okukyalibwa mu nsi yonna ye Google, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, ne ChatGPT — gyonna gya Amerika. Emikutu emirala egyamanyiddwa ennyo egyakozesebwa mulimu X (eyali Twitter) ne Amazon . Mu 2025, Amerika ye yali ekwata ekifo ekyokubiri mu nsi yonna mu katale k'emizannyo gya vidiyo okusinziira ku nfuna (oluvannyuma lwa China). Mu 2015, ekitongole ky’emizannyo gya vidiyo mu Amerika kyalimu kkampuni 2,457 ezaawa abantu emirimu nga 220,000 era nga ziyingiza obuwumbi bwa ddoola 30.4. Mu California yokka mulimu abafulumya emizannyo, abagizimba, n’abakola ebyuma ebikozesebwa mu kukola emizannyo 444. Okusinziira ku lukungaana lwa Game Developers Conference (GDC), Amerika kye kifo ekisinga okukulaakulanya emizannyo gya vidiyo, nga 58% ku bakola emizannyo mu nsi yonna baali basinziira eyo mu 2025.

Eddembe ly'emikutu gy'amawulire lyateekebwa mu kibinja kya "ekirimu ebizibu" ekitongole ekya Reporters Without Borders mu 2026, era abamanyi bakirabye nti okusengejja n'okwesengejja kwa ssekinnoomu kweyongedde nnyo mu myaka egiyise.

Amerika emanyiddwa nnyo olw’ebifo awazannyirwa katemba. Ekifo ekikulu mu Amerika kiva mu nnono ya katemba enkadde ey'Abazungu era abadde akwatibwako nnyo katemba w'Abangereza. Mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda, Amerika yali etonzeewo engeri empya ez’enjawulo ez’emizannyo mu Tom Shows, showboat theatre ne minstrel show. Ekifo ekisinga obukulu awazannyirwa katemba mu Amerika ye Theatre District mu Manhattan, ng'erina enjawulo zaayo okuli Broadway, off-Broadway, ne off-off-Broadway.

Bangi ku basereebu ba firimu ne ttivvi bafunye empummula zabwe ennene nga bakola mu kufulumya kw'omu New York. Ebweru w’ekibuga New York, ebibuga bingi birina kkampuni za katemba ez’ekikugu ez’omu kitundu oba ez’abatuuze ezikola sizoni zaazo. Ebikolwa bya katemba ebisinga okubeera ku mbalirira biba bya nnyimba. Katemba wa Amerika alina obuwangwa bwa katemba w’ekitundu obukola.

Tony Awards zisiima okukola obulungi mu katemba wa Broadway obutereevu era nga ziweebwa ku awaadi za mukolo ogutegekebwa buli mwaka mu kibuga Manhattan . Engule zino ziweebwa ku pulodyusoni za Broadway n’okuyimba. Ekimu era kiweebwa ku katemba w'ekitundu .

Ebifaananyi n'ebisiige byayo

Ebifaananyi n'ebisiige ebikwata ku buuvo bw'abantu mu Amerika ey’abafuzi b'amatwale byakula okuva mu by’emikono mu bitundu ebyasobozesa abantu abatendekeddwa bulijjo okulaga kyebasobola ssekinnoomu. Byali bya njawulo ku nnono ya Bulaaya ey’ebifaananyi eby’ekika ekya waggulu, nga byo bali bizibu nnyo okusanga era okutwalira awamu nga tebirina nnyo mugaso eri abasenze b’Abamerika abaasooka. Enteekateeka z’ebyobuwangwa mu by’emikono mu Amerika ey’amatwale okutwalira awamu zaali zisigadde mabega w’ezo ez'obugwanjuba bwa Bulaaya. Ng’ekyokulabirako, omusono ogw’omulembe ogw’omu makkati ogw’okukola embaawo n’okubumba eby’edda gwafuuka gwa mugaso nnyo mu by’emikono eby’abantu ab’omu Amerika ebyaggyangayo obuvo, wadde ng’emisono gy’okuzzaawo eddiini gyavaayo mu Bungereza ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omukaaga n’okutandika kw’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomusanvu. Emisono emipya egy’Abangereza gyandibadde gyeyambisibwa nga bukyali okusobola okukola kinene ku by’emikono eby’abantu b’omu Amerika, naye emisono n’engeri z’Abamerika zaali zannyikira dda mu bantu n’amaanyi. Emisono tegyakoma ku kukyuka mpola mu Amerika eyasooka, naye waaliwo omuze gw’abakozi b’emikono ab’omu byalo eyo okugenda mu maaso n’engeri zaabwe ez’ennono okumala ebbanga eddene okusinga bannaabwe ab’omu bibuga era nga ng'ekiseera kyali kiwanvu nnyo okusinga ekyabo ab'omu Bugwanjuba bwa Bulaaya.

Essomero lya Hudson River School lyali kibiina eky’omu makkati g’ekyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda mu nnono y’ebifaananyi eby’obutonde bw’Abazungu . Omwoleso gw’eby’okulwanyisa ogwategekebwa mu kibuga New York mu 1913,gwali omwoleso ow’ebifaananyi eby’omulembe eby’Abazungu, gwawuniikiriza abantu era ne gukyusa ekifo ky’ebyemikono mu Amerika.

American Realism ne American Regionalism zaafuba okwefumiitiriza n’okuwa Amerika engeri empya ez’okwetunuulira. Georgia O’Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, n’abalala baagezesa emisono emipya era egy’omuntu ssekinnoomu, egyandimanyiddwa nga American modernism . Enteekateeka ennene ez’eby’emikono nga abstract expressionism eya Jackson Pollock ne Willem de Kooning n’enkola ya pop art eya Andy Warhol ne Roy Lichtenstein zaakulaakulana nnyo mu Amerika. Abakubi b'ebifaananyi abakulu kuliko Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams ne Gordon Parks .

Omuyaga gw’ebyomulembe n’ebyaddirira oluvannyuma lw’omulembe guleese ettutumu mu nsi yonna eri abakubi b’ebifaananyi ab’omu Amerika, omuli Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, ne Frank Gehry. Metropolitan Museum of Art mu Manhattan lye kkaddiyizo ly’ebyemikono erisinga obunene mu Amerika era lye lyokuna mu nsi yonna.

Ennyimba z’abantu mu Amerika ez'obuwangwa zizingiramu ebika by’ennyimba bingi, eby’enjawulo ebimanyiddwa nga ennyimba ez’ekinnansi, ennyimba z’obuwangwa, ennyimba z’abantu ez’omulembe, oba ennyimba z’obuvo. Ennyimba nnyingi ez’ennono ziyimbibwa mu ttuluba ge gamu oba mu kibiina ky’abantu okumala emirembe, era oluusi zidda mu nsibuko ng’ebizinga by’e Bungereza, Bulaaya enkulu, oba Afirika. Emisono gy’ennyimba naddala egy’ennyimba z’Abafirika-Abamerika gifudde ku nnyimba z'Abamerika. Banjo zaaleetebwa mu Amerika nga ziyita mu kusuubula abaddu. Ebivvulu bya Minstrel okuyingiza ekivuga kino mu bikolwa byabwe era kyakiviirako okwettanirwa ennyo n’okufulumizibwa ennyo mu kyasa eky’ekkuminoomwenda. Endongo ey’amasannyalaze, eyasooka okuyiiyizibwa mu myaka gya 1930, era n’ekolebwa mu bungi mu myaka gya 1940, yalina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku nnyimba ezimanyiddwa ennyo, naddala rock and roll . The synthesizer, turntablism, ne electronic music nabyo byakolebwa nnyo mu Amerika.

Emiramwa egy'enjawulo egyaggyibwa mu bisoko by'obuwangwa bw’abantu nga blues n’ennyimba ez’edda byatwalibwa ne bifuulibwa ennyimba ez’ettutumu eri abalabi ab’ensi yonna. Jazz yakula okuva mu blues ne ragtime ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa eky'amakumi abiri, n'ekulaakulana okuva mu buyiiya n'okukwata ennyimba z'abayimbi nga WC Handy ne Jelly Roll Morton . Louis Armstrong ne Duke Ellington baayongera okwettanirwa ku dikwa y’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri. Ennyimba eziyitibwacountry music zaakyaka mu myaka gya 1920, ezabluegrass and rhythm and blues mu myaka gya 1940, ne rock and roll mu myaka gya 1950. Mu myaka gya 1960, Bob Dylan yava mu kuvumirira ennyimba ennansin’afuuka omu ku bawandiisi b’ennyimba abasinga okumanyika mu ggwanga. Ebika by’ennyimba ebya punk ne hip hop byombi byasibuka mu Amerika mu myaka gya 1970.

Amerika y’erina akatale k’ennyimba akasinga obunene mu nsi yonna, ng’omuwendo gwa ddoola obuwumbi 15.9 mu 2022, era y’esinga okutunda ennyimba ebweru w’eggwanga. Kkampuni ezisinga ezikola ddisiki mu nsi yonna zisangibwa mu Amerika; bakiikirirwa ekibiina ekigatta amakolero agakwata ennyimba ekya Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Abayimbi ba Pop mu Amerika mu makkati g’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri, nga Frank Sinatra ne Elvis Presley, baafuuka basereebu mu nsi yonna n’abayimbi abasinga okutunda ennyimba, nga n’abayimbi ab’oku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri, nga Michael Jackson, Madonna, Whitney Houston, ne Mariah Carey, n’aba ku ntandikwa y’ekyasa 21, nga Eminem, Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift ne Beyoncé .

Emisono gyabwe

Amerika y’esinga akatale k’engoye mu nsi yonna okusinziira ku nfuna. Apart from professional business attire, emisono gy’Abamerika gya njawulo era nga gisinga kuba gya mu butongole. Emirandira gy’obuwangwa egy’enjawulo egy’Abamerika gyeyolekera mu ngoye zaabwe; wabula, enkampa, jjiini, ebiteeteeyi, n’enkoofiira za baseball kabonero ka sitayiro z’Abamerika. New York, ne wiiki yaayo ey'emisono, etwalibwa ng'emu ku "Big Four" ebibuga ebikulu eby'emisono mu nsi yonna, wamu ne Paris, Milan, ne London . Okunoonyereza kwalaga nti okutwalira awamu okubeera okumpi n’ekitundu ky’engoye mu Manhattan kibadde kikwatagana n’emisono gy’Abamerika okuva lwe gyatandikibwawo ku ntandikwa y’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri.

Abayimbi abamanyiddwa ennyo abakola engoye abawerako nga mu bano mulimu Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Tom Ford ne Calvin Klein, ekitebe kyabwe kibeera mu Manhattan . Labels cater to niche markets, gamba nga abaana abato. Wiiki y’emisono mu New York y’emu ku mwoleso gw’emisono ogusinga amaanyi mu nsi yonna, era buli mwaka gutegekebwa emirundi ebiri mu Manhattan; ekivvulu kya Met Gala ekitegekebwa buli mwaka, era nga kiri mu Manhattan, kibadde kiyitibwa "ekiro ekisinga obunene mu nsi y'emisono".

Firimu zaabwe

Ekisaawe kya firimu mu Amerika kirina obuyinza mu nsi yonna era kirina abagoberezi . Hollywood, disitulikiti eri mu masekkati ga Los Angeles, ekibuga ekyokubiri mu ggwanga mu bungi bw’abantu, nakyo kimanyiddwa nnyo mu mulimu gw’okukola firimu mu Amerika. Situdiyo za firimu ennene mu Amerika ze zisinga okuvaamu firimu ezisinga okukola obulungi mu by’obusuubuzi ezisinga okutunda tikiti mu nsi yonna.  

Okusinga nga yeesigamiziddwa mu kitundu ky’ekibuga New York okuva ku ntandikwa yaakyo ku nkomerero y’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omwenda okutuuka mu myaka egyasooka egy’ekyasa eky’amakumi abiri, okuva olwo omulimu gwa firimu mu Amerika gubadde gusinga kwesigama mu Hollywood n’ebitundu ebiriraanyewo. Wadde kiri kityo, kkampuni za firimu mu Amerika zibadde zifugibwa amaanyi g’okugatta ensi yonna mu kyasa 21, era omuwendo gwa firimu ogweyongera okukolebwa awalala. Awaadi za Academy Awards, ezimanyiddwa ennyo nga "the Oscars", zibadde zitegekebwa buli mwaka Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences okuva mu 1929, era Golden Globes zibadde zitegekebwa buli mwaka okuva mu January 1944.

Omulimu guno gwatuuka ku ntikko mu kiseera ekitera okuyitibwa " Golden Age of Hollywood ", okuva mu kiseera ky'amaloboozi ekyasooka okutuuka ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 1960, nga bannakatemba ba screen nga John Wayne ne Marilyn Monroe bafuuka abantu abamanyiddwa. Mu myaka gya 1970, " New Hollywood ", oba "Hollywood Renaissance", yannyonnyolwa firimu ezisingako obugumu ezakwatibwako ebifaananyi eby'amazima eby'Abafaransa n'Abayitale eby'ekiseera eky'oluvannyuma lw'olutalo . Ekyasa 21 kibadde kimanyiddwa nnyo olw’okulinnya kw’emikutu gy’Amerika egy’okutambuza amawulire, egyajja okuvuganya ne sinema ez’ennono.

Ebika by'emmere yaabwe

Abasenze abaasooka baayingizibwa mu Amerika enzaalwa emmere nga enkoko enzungu, amatooke, kasooli, squash ne maple syrup . Ku byokulabirako ebisinga okuwangaala era ebibunye buli wamu bye bikyukakyuka mu mmere enzaaliranwa eyitibwa succotash . Abaasooka okusenga n’oluvannyuma abasenguka bino baagatta n’emmere gye baali bamanyidde ddala, gamba ng’obuwunga bw’eŋŋaano, ennyama y’ente, n’amata, ne bakola emmere ey’enjawulo ey’Abamerika. Ebirime by’ensi empya, naddala entangawuuzi, kasooli, amatooke, n’enkoko enganda ng’emmere enkulu kitundu ku mmenyu y’eggwanga egabanyizibwa ku lunaku lw’okwebaza, ng’Abamerika bangi bateekateeka oba bagula emmere ey’ekinnansi okujaguza omukolo guno.