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Obulwadde bwa Autism

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Autism
Boy stacking cans
Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.
Medical specialtyPsychiatry
ObuboneroTrouble with social interaction, impaired communication, restricted interests, repetitive behavior[1]
ComplicationsSocial isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm, suicide[2][3][4]
Usual onsetBy age two or three[5][6]
DurationLong term[5]
CausesGenetic and environmental factors[7]
Diagnostic methodBased on behavior and developmental history[5]
Differential diagnosisReactive attachment disorder, intellectual disability, schizophrenia[8]
TreatmentBehavioral therapy, speech therapy, psychotropic medication[9][10][11]
MedicationAntipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants (associated symptoms)[12][13][14]
PrognosisFrequently poor[15]
Frequency24.8 million (2015)[16]

Autism bulwadde bwa nkulaakulana obumanyiddwa olw’obuzibu mu nkolagana n’abantu n’empuliziganya, n’enneeyisa ezikugirwa n’okuddiŋŋana.[6] Abazadde batera okulaba obubonero mu myaka esatu egisooka egy’obulamu bw’omwana waabwe.[1][6] Obubonero buno butera okukula mpolampola, wadde ng’abaana abamu abalina autism bafuna okwonooneka mu mpuliziganya yaabwe n’obukugu mu mbeera z’abantu oluvannyuma lw’okutuuka ku nkulaakulana ku sipiidi eya bulijjo.[17]

Autism ekwatagana n'ensonga z'obuzaale n'obutonde ezigatta.[7] Ebintu eby’obulabe ng’oli lubuto mulimu yinfekisoni ezimu, gamba nga rubella, obutwa omuli valproic acid, omwenge, cocaine, eddagala ly’ebiwuka, lead, n’obucaafu bw’empewo, okuziyiza okukula kw’omwana ali mu lubuto, n’endwadde z’abaserikale b’omubiri.[18] Enkaayana zeetoolodde ensonga endala eziteeseddwa ku butonde bw'ensi ; okugeza, endowooza y’okugema, ebadde ekakasibbwa.[19] Autism ekosa enkola y’amawulire mu bwongo n’engeri obutoffaali bw’obusimu n’obusimu bwabwo gye bikwataganamu n’okusengeka; engeri kino gye kibaawo tekitegeerekeka bulungi.[20] Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), kigatta autism n’engeri ezitali za maanyi nnyo ez’embeera eno, omuli Asperger syndrome ne pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) mu kuzuula autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[6][21]

Okuyingira mu nsonga z‟enneeyisa nga bukyali oba obujjanjabi bw‟okwogera kuyinza okuyamba abaana abalina autism okufuna obukugu mu kwerabirira, okubeera n‟abantu, n‟empuliziganya.[9][10] Wadde nga tewali ddagala limanyiddwa okuwonya,[9] wabaddewo abaana abawona.[22] Abamu ku bantu abakulu abalina autism tebasobola kubeera nga beetongodde.[15] Obuwangwa bwa autism bukulaakulanye, ng’abantu abamu ssekinnoomu banoonya eddagala ate abalala nga balowooza nti autism erina okukkirizibwa ng’enjawulo okusuzibwa mu kifo ky’okuwona.[23][24]

Mu nsi yonna, autism ebalirirwamu okukosa abantu obukadde 24.8 Template:As of.[16] Mu myaka gya 2000, omuwendo gw’abantu abakoseddwa gwabalirirwamu 1–2 ku buli bantu 1,000 mu nsi yonna.[25] Mu nsi ezaakulaakulana, abaana nga 1.5% bazuulibwa n’obulwadde bwa ASD Template:As of,[26] okuva ku 0.7% mu 2000 mu Amerika.[27] Butera okubeera mu basajja emirundi ena ku etaano okusinga mu bakazi.[27] Omuwendo gw’abantu abazuuliddwa gweyongedde nnyo okuva mu myaka gya 1960, ekiyinza okuba nga kiva ku nkyukakyuka mu nkola y’okuzuula obulwadde.[25] Ekibuuzo oba emiwendo egyennyini gyeyongedde tekinnagonjoolwa.[25]

Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa

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  1. 1 2 Landa RJ (2008). "Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life". Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 4 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0731. PMID 18253102.
  2. ↑ "Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  3. ↑ Ruggieri V (2020). "[Autism, depression and risk of suicide]". Medicina. 80 Suppl 2: 12–16. PMID 32150706.
  4. ↑ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  5. 1 2 3 "NIMH " Autism Spectrum Disorder". nimh.nih.gov. October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 4 American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  7. 1 2 Chaste P, Leboyer M (2012). "Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 281–292. PMC 3513682. PMID 23226953.
  8. ↑ Corcoran J, Walsh J (9 February 2006). [[[:Template:Google books]] Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice]. Oxford University Press, New York. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-516830-3. LCCN 2005027740. OCLC 466433183. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  9. 1 2 3 Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007). "Management of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–1182. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. Archived from the original on 2019-03-23. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  10. 1 2 Sanchack KE, Thomas CA (December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles". American Family Physician. 94 (12): 972–979. PMID 28075089.
  11. ↑ Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B (November 2013). "Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 132 (5): e1341-50. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1193. PMC 3813396. PMID 24167175.
  12. ↑ Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 28 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132. PMID 25602248.
  13. ↑ Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 17 (3): 348–355. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.17303. PMID 17630868.
  14. ↑ Doyle CA, McDougle CJ (September 2012). "Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 14 (3): 263–279. PMC 3513681. PMID 23226952.
  15. 1 2 Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB (June 2016). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 133 (6): 445–452. doi:10.1111/acps.12559. PMID 26763353.
  16. 1 2 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  17. ↑ Stefanatos GA (2008). "Regression in autistic spectrum disorders". Neuropsychol Rev. 18 (4): 305–319. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y. PMID 18956241. S2CID 34658024.
  18. ↑ Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z (2015). "Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)". Reproductive Toxicology. 56: 155–169. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007. PMID 26021712.
  19. ↑ Rutter M (2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". Acta Paediatr. 94 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x. PMID 15858952.
  20. ↑ Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT (2009). "Autism". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1627–1638. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3. PMC 2863325. PMID 19819542.
  21. ↑ Johnson CP, Myers SM (2007). "Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1183–1215. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361. PMID 17967920. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009.
  22. ↑ Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D (December 2008). "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?". Neuropsychology Review. 18 (4): 339–366. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.2995. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9. PMID 19009353. S2CID 4317267. Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  23. ↑ Silverman C (2008). "Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum". BioSocieties. 3 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1017/S1745855208006236. S2CID 145379758.
  24. ↑ Frith, Uta (October 2014). "Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?". The Psychologist. Vol. 27. British Psychological Society. pp. 744–745. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  25. 1 2 3 Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 28: 235–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
  26. ↑ Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C (March 2017). "The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 38: 81–102. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318. PMC 6566093. PMID 28068486.
  27. 1 2 "ASD data and statistics". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
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