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Typhoid fever

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Typhoid fever
Other namesSlow fever, typhoid
Rose spots on the chest of a person with typhoid fever
Medical specialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, abdominal pain, headache, rash[1]
Usual onset6–30 days after exposure[1][2]
CausesSalmonella enterica subsp. enterica (spread by food or water contaminated with feces)[3][4]
Risk factorsPoor sanitation, poor hygiene.[3]
Diagnostic methodBacterial culture, DNA detection[2][3][5]
Differential diagnosisOther infectious diseases[6]
PreventionTyphoid vaccine, handwashing[2][7]
TreatmentAntibiotics[3]
Frequency12.5 million (2015)[8]
Deaths149,000 (2015)[9]

Omusujja gwa Typhoid, era ogumanyiddwa mu ngeri ennyangu nga typhoid, bulwadde bwa bakitiriya obuva ku kika kya akawuka Salmonella ekivaako obubonero.[3] Obubonero buyinza okwawukana okuva ku butono okutuuka ku buzibu, era ebiseera ebisinga butandika oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 6 okutuuka ku 30 ng’omuntu amaze okukwatibwa.[1][2] Ebiseera ebisinga wabaawo okutandika mpolampola omusujja ogw’amaanyi okumala ennaku eziwera.[1] Kino kitera okuwerekerwako obunafu, okulumwa olubuto, okuziyira, okulumwa omutwe, n’okusesema okutono.[2][6] Abantu abamu bafuna ekizimba ku lususu nga kiriko amabala aga langi ya rose.[2] Mu mbeera ez’amaanyi, abantu bayinza okutabulwa.[6] Awatali bujjanjabi, obubonero buyinza okumala wiiki oba emyezi.[2] Ekiddukano tekitera kubaawo.[6] Abantu abalala bayinza okutambuza obuwuka buno nga tebakoseddwa; wabula bakyasobola okusaasaanya obulwadde buno mu balala.[4] Omusujja gwa Typhoid kika kya musujja gw’omu lubuto, awamu n’omusujja gwa paratyphoid.[3]

Ekivaako obuwuka obuyitibwa Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi ekula mu byenda n'omusaayi.[2][6] Typhoid asaasaana ng’olya oba okunywa emmere oba amazzi agalimu omusulo gw’omuntu alina akawuka.[4] Ebintu ebiyinza okuleeta akabi mulimu obuyonjo obubi n’obuyonjo obubi.[3] Abo abatambula mu nsi ezikyakula nabo bali mu kabi.[6] Abantu bokka be basobola okukwatibwa obulwadde buno.[4] Obubonero bufaananako n’obw’endwadde endala nnyingi ezisiigibwa.[6] Okuzuula obulwadde buno kwe kulima obuwuka oba okuzuula DNA yabwo mu musaayi, mu musulo oba mu busimu bw’amagumba.[2][3][5] Okukuza obuwuka buno kiyinza okuba ekizibu.[10] Okukebera obusigo bw’amagumba kwe kusinga obutuufu.[5]

Eddagala erigema typhoid lisobola okuziyiza ebitundu nga 40 ku 90% ku balwadde mu myaka ebiri egisooka.[7] Eddagala lino liyinza okubaako kye likola okumala emyaka musanvu.[3] Ku abo abali mu bulabe obw’amaanyi oba abantu abagenda mu bitundu obulwadde buno we businga, kirungi okugema.[4] Kaweefube omulala ow'okutangira obulwadde buno mulimu okuwa abantu amazzi amayonjo ag'okunywa, obuyonjo obulungi n'okunaaba mu ngalo.[2][4] Okutuusa ng’omuntu ssekinnoomu akakasiddwa nti alina obulwadde buno nti alongooseddwa, omuntu oyo tasaanidde kutegekera balala mmere.[2] Obulwadde buno bujjanjabwa n’eddagala eritta obuwuka nga azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, oba cephalosporins ez’omulembe ogw’okusatu.[3] Obuziyiza eddagala lino eritta obuwuka bubadde bweyongera, ekifudde okujjanjaba obulwadde buno okukaluba.[3][11]

Mu mwaka gwa 2015, abantu obukadde 12.5 be baakwatibwa abalwadde abapya mu nsi yonna.[8] Obulwadde buno businga kubeera mu Buyindi.[3] Abaana be basinga okukosebwa.[3][4] Emiwendo gy’endwadde gyakendeera mu nsi ezaakulaakulana mu myaka gya 1940 olw’okulongoosa obuyonjo n’okukozesa eddagala eritta obuwuka okujjanjaba obulwadde buno.[4] Buli mwaka mu Amerika, abantu nga 400 be bakwatibwa era obulwadde buno bubeera mu bantu ababalirirwamu 6,000.[6][12] Mu 2015, kyavaamu abantu nga 149,000 okufa mu nsi yonna – okuva ku 181,000 mu 1990 (nga 0.3% ku muwendo gwonna ogw’ensi yonna).[9][13] Obulabe bw’okufa buyinza okuba waggulu nga 20% awatali bujjanjabi.[4] Bw’ofuna obujjanjabi, kiba wakati wa 1 ne 4%.[3][4] Typhus bulwadde bwa njawulo.[14] Wabula erinnya typhoid litegeeza "okufaananako typhus " olw'okufaanagana mu bubonero.[15]

Ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa

[kyusa | kolera mu edit source]
  1. 1 2 3 4 Newton, Anna E. (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731. S2CID 2409150.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 83 (6): 49–59. February 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Crump JA, Mintz ED (January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  7. 1 2 Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMC 6494485. PMID 29851031.
  8. 1 2 Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  9. 1 2 Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  10. ↑ Magill, Alan J. (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28.
  11. ↑ Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, et al. (January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.
  12. ↑ Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B (March 2015). "Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 64 (11): 305–8. PMC 4584884. PMID 25811680.
  13. ↑ Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, et al. (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  14. ↑ Cunha BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 18 (1): 111–25. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1. PMID 15081508.
  15. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary (Online)". p. typhoid, adj. and n. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2015. Resembling or characteristic of typhus
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