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BBC News
News desk, news broadcasting, division, newspaper, news media Kyusa Wikidata
Industryjournalism Kyusa Wikidata
Inception14 Gwakkuminogumu(Museenene) 1922 Kyusa Wikidata
Chief executive officerDeborah Turness Kyusa Wikidata
EgwangaGreat Britain Kyusa Wikidata
Located in the admi­nis­tra­ti­ve ter­ri­to­rial entity• Greater London
 • London Kyusa Wikidata
LocationBroadcasting House Kyusa Wikidata
Political ideologyimpartiality Kyusa Wikidata
Owned byBBC Kyusa Wikidata
Parent orga­ni­za­tion or unit• Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport
 • BBC Kyusa Wikidata
Child orga­ni­za­tion or unitBBC Weather, BBC News Punjabi Kyusa Wikidata
Head­quar­ters locationLondon Kyusa Wikidata
Awaadi z'afunyePeabody Awards, Peabody Awards, Peabody Awards, Peabody Awards Kyusa Wikidata
Official websitewww.bbc.co.uk/news Kyusa Wikidata

BBC News kitongole kya bizinensi ekikola emirimu [1] eky’ekitongole kya Bungereza ekikola ku mpewo ekya British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ekivunaanyizibwa ku kukungaanya n’okuweereza amawulire n’ebigenda mu maaso mu Bungereza n’ensi yonna. Ekitongole kino kye kitongole ekisinga obunene mu nsi yonna mu kuweereza amawulire ku mpewo era buli lunaku kikola ku leediyo ne ttivvi okumala essaawa nga 120, wamu n’okuweereza amawulire ku yintaneeti. [2][3] Empeereza eno erina bannamawulire abasoba mu 5,500 abakola mu bifulumizibwa byayo byonna omuli ne mu bitongole by’amawulire eby’ebweru 50 ng’abawandiisi b’amawulire ab’ebweru abasoba mu 250 be basimbye.[4] Deborah Turness y’abadde akulira eby'amawulire n’ebigenda mu maaso okuva mu Gwomwenda 2022.[5]

Mu 2019, kyategeezebwa mu lipoota ya Ofcom nti BBC yasaasaanya obukadde bwa pawundi 136 ku mawulire mu kiseera ky'Ogwokuna 2018 okutuuka mu Gwokusatu 2019. [6] Ebitongole bya BBC News eby’amawulire ag’omunda, mu nsi yonna ne ku yintaneeti bibeera mu kisenge ekisinga obunene eky’amawulire ekikola obutereevu mu Bulaaya, mu Broadcasting House mu masekkati ga London. Ebikwatibwa ku paalamenti bifulumizibwa era ne biragibwa ku mpewo okuva mu situdiyo mu kibuga London. Nga bayita mu mikutu gy'ebitundu by'omu Bungereza ogwa BBC English Regions, BBC era erina ebifo by’ebitundu okwetoloola Bungereza n’ebifo eby’amawulire eby’eggwanga mu Northern Ireland, Scotland ne Wales. Amawanga gonna n’ebitundu by’Abangereza bikola pulogulaamu zaago ez’amawulire ez’omu kitundu n’enteekateeka endala ezikwata ku bigenda mu maaso mu ggwanga n’ebyemizannyo.

BBC kitongole ekyetwaala mu ngeri emu nga obuyinza obw'okuba n'obwetwaze buno obw'ekitundu bw'akiweebwa obuyinza okuva mu bwakabaka ekigifuula nga yeetongodde ku gavumenti mu nkola. We bwatuukira mu 2024, BBC yatuuka ku bantu obukadde 450 buli wiiki, nga BBC World Service ekola abantu obukadde 320.[7][8]

Emyaka egyasooka

Kkampuni ya Bungereza eno eya British Broadcasting Company yakola ku mpewo era yafulumya eggulire lyayo eryasooka ku leediyo okuyita ku leediyo ya 2LO nga 14 Ogwekkuminoogumu 1922. [9] Olw’okwagala okwewala okuvuganya, abaali bafulumya empapula z’amawulire abalala baamatiza gavumenti okuwera BBC okuweereza amawulire ng’essaawa emu tezinnatuuka, n’okugikaka okukozesa wire service copy mu kifo ky’okukola lipoota ku bwayo. [ 11 ] . BBC yagenda efuna eddembe okukola entereeza ku mpapula zaayo era mu 1934, yatondawo ekitongole kyayo eky’amawulire. [10] Wabula teyasobola kuweereza mawulire nga ssaawa kkuminabbiri tezinntuuka okutuusa mu Ssematalo II.[11]. Ng’oggyeeko amawulire, Gaumont British ne Movietone cinema newsreels zaali ziragibwa ku mpeereza ya TV okuva mu 1936, nga BBC efulumya pulogulaamu yaayo eyenkanankana ne Television Newsreel okuva mu Gwoluberebrye. [11] Ekitongole ky’amawulire ekya Children’s Newsreel ekya buli wiiki kyatongozebwa nga 23 Ogwokuna 1950, eri abantu nga 350,000 abaali bafuna amawulire. [10] Omukutu guno gwatandika okuweereza amawulire gaagwo ku leediyo mu kiseera kye kimu ne ku ttivvi mu 1946, nga guliko ekifaananyi kya Big Ben . [12] Ebiwandiiko ebyali bifulumira ku ttivvi byatandika nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1954, nga biragibwa okuva mu situdiyo ezaali zipangisibwa munda mu Lubiri lwa Alexandra mu London. [13]

Abantu okwagala ennyo ttivvi eno n'ebyali biragibwako, obutereevu kwava nnyo ku okutuuzibwa kwa Elizabeth II ku ntebe mu 1953. Kiteeberezebwa nti okutuuka ku bukadde 27 obw'abantu [14] baalaba pulogulaamu eno mu Bungereza, ne basinga abawuliriza ba leediyo abaali obukadde 12 omulundi ogwasooka. [15] Ebifaananyi ebyo obutereevu byali biva kkamera 21 mu masekkati ga London okutuuka mu lubiri lwa Alexandra okubitambuza, n’oluvannyuma ne bitwalibwa ku byuma ebirala ebya Bungereza ne biggulwawo mu budde olw’omukolo guno. [16] Omwaka ogwo, waaliwo Layisinsi za TV eziwera obukadde bubiri ezaakuumibwa mu Bungereza, ne zirinnya okutuuka ku bukadde obusukka mu busatu omwaka ogwaddako, ate obukadde buna n’ekitundu we bwatuukira mu 1955. [17]

Emyaka gya 1950

Amawulire ga ttivvi wadde nga mu kulaba awo gaawukana ku ga leediyo, gaali gakyafugibwa nnyo amawulire ga leediyo mu myaka gya 1950. Abawandiisi baawa lipoota ku mikutu gyombi, era ekiwandiiko ekyasooka okulagibwa ku ttivvi, ekyalagibwa nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 1954 ku mpeereza ya ttivvi ya BBC mu kiseera ekyo era nga kyanjulwa Richard Baker, kyalimu okuwa kwe okunyonnyola ku biba ebweru w’olutimbe ng’eno ebifaananyi biragibwa. [18] Kino olwo kyaddirirwa Television Newsreel ey’ennono n’okunnyonnyola okwakwatibwa okwakolebwa John Snagge (era ku mirundi emirala Andrew Timothy ). [19]

Abaali basomera amawulire ku ttivi baayanjulwa oluvannyuma lw’omwaka gumu mu 1955 – Kenneth Kendall (eyasooka okulabika), Robert Dougall, ne Richard Baker —nga wabulayo wiiki ssatu ITN etongoze nga 21 Ogwomwenda 1955. [20]

Enkola ya ttivvi enkulu yali etandise okuva mu Lubiri lwa Alexandra mu 1950 [21] okugenda mu bifo ebinene, okusinga mu Situdiyo za Lime Grove mu Shepherd’s Bush, mu Bugwanjuba bwa London, okufuna ebigenda mu maaso mu ggwanga (mu kiseera ekyo ekyali kimanyiddwa nga Talks Department) nayo. Wano we wava Panorama eyasooka, pulogulaamu empya ey'ebiwandiiko, n'efulumizibwa nga 11 Ogwekkuminoogumu 1953, nga Richard Dimbleby yeeyafuuka omuweereza waayo mu 1955. [22]

Mu 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene yafuuka akulira ekitongole ky'Amawulire n'Ebigenda mu maaso mu ggwanga. [23]

Emyaka gya 1960

Nga 1 Ogwolubereberye 1960, Greene yafuuka Dayirekita Omukulu . [24] Greene yakola enkyukakyuka ezaali zigendereddwamu okufuula amawulire ga BBC okufaananako naag’omuvuganya waayo ITN, eyali efunyiddwako ekipimo ekinene okusinziira ku bibiina by’okunoonyereza ebyali ebya Greene. [25]

Ekisenge ky’amawulire kyatondebwawo mu lubiri lwa Alexandra, abasasi ba ttivvi ne bawandiikibwa ne baweebwa omukisa okuwandiika n’okuwata amaloboozi g'ebiwanddiko byabwe byabwe, nga tebalina kuwandiika mboozi ne ku leediyo . [26]

Nga 20 Ogwomukaaga 1960, Nan Winton, omukyala eyasooka okuba omusomi w'amawulire ku mutimbagano gwa BBC, yalabika mu mpewo. [27] 19 Ogwomwenda 1960 lwe lwatandika pulogulaamu y'amawulire ga leediyo n'ensonga ezikwata ku mulembe The Ten O'clock News . [28] BBC2 yatandika okuweereza nga 20 Ogwokuna 1964 era n'etandika okuweereza pulogulaamu empya nga Newsroom . [29]

The World at One, pulogulaamu y’amawulire mu biseera by’ekyemisana, yatandika nga 4 Ogwekkumi, 1965 ku Home Service mu kiseera ekyo, era omwaka nga tegunnatuuka News Review yali etandikidde ku ttivvi. News Review yali mu bufunze amawulire agaabanga gafudde wiiki mu bufunze, agasooka okulagibwa ku Ssande, 26 Ogwokuna 1964 [30] ku BBC 2 era nga gadda mu kifo kya Newsreel Review of the Week eyali eya buli wiiki, eyafulumizibwa okuva mu 1951, okuggulawo pulogulaamu ku Ssande akawungeezi–enjawulo eri nti okulaga kuno kwalina ebigambo ebitonotono ebyalagibwanga waggulu nga biyamba bakiggala n’abatawulira bulungi. Nga guno bwe gwali emyaka kkumi nga tegunnabaawo kukola biwandiiko biwandiikiddwa byuma bikalimagezi, buli superimposition ("super") yalina okufulumizibwa ku lupapula oba kaadi, okukwatagana nesitudiyo n'obutambi bw'amawulire, okwewaayo okukwata ku butambi mu biseera by'emisana, n'okulagibwa ku mpewo akawungeezi nga bukyali. Ekyavaamu Ssande terwali lunaku lwa kasiriikiriro ku nsonga z'amawulire mu Lubiri lwa Alexandra . Enteekateeka eno yagenda mu maaso okutuusa mu myaka gya 1980 [31]  nga olwo baakozesa ebigambo ebiwandiikiddwa ku byuma bikalimagezi, ebimanyiddwa nga Anchor – okusikizibwa Ceefax subtitling (enkola ya Teletext efaananako bwetyo), n’okussa omukono ku pulogulaamu nga See Hear (okuva mu 1981).

Ku Ssande nga 17 Ogwomwenda 1967, The World This Weekend, pulogulaamu y’amawulire n’ebigenda mu maaso mu ggwanga eya buli wiiki, yatongozebwa ku kifo ekyali kiyitibwa Home Service mu kiseera ekyo, naye nga mu bbanga ttono yali egenda kubeera Radio 4 .

Enteekateeka z’okukola langi zaatandika mu ssizoni eyitibwa Autumn eya 1967 era ku Lwokuna nga 7 Ogwokusatu 1968 nga Newsroom ku BBC2 yakyusibwa n’egenda mu kifo eky’akawungeezi nga bukyali, n’efuuka pulogulaamu y’amawulire mu Bungereza esoose okuweebwa mu langi [32]  okuva mu Situdiyo A mu Lubiri lwa Alexandra. News Review ne Westminster (ekisembayo kwekenneenya buli wiiki ebigenda mu maaso mu Palamenti ) "zaali za langi" nga wayiseewo akaseera katono.

Naye, bingi ku bintu ebiyingizibwa byali bikyali mu langi enzirugavu n’enjeru, nga mu kusooka ekitundu kyokka ku firimu ezikwata ku firimu ezaakubwa mu London n’ebitundu ebiriraanyewo kyali ku sitooka ya firimu ezikyusa langi, era byonna ebyaweebwayo mu kitundu n’ensi yonna byali bikyali mu muddugavu n’omweru. Ebifo ebya langi mu Lubiri lwa Alexandra byali bitono nnyo mu by’ekikugu okumala emyezi kkumi na munaana egyaddirira, kubanga yalina ekyuma kimu kyokka ekya RCA color Quadruplex videotape machine era, okukkakkana nga Pye plumbicon color telecines bbiri –wadde nga empeereza ya langi z’amawulire yatandika n’emu yokka.

Ebiwandiiko by'eggwanga eby'omu langi enzirugavu n’enjeru ku BBC 1 byagenda mu maaso n'okusibuka mu Studio B ku nnaku za wiiki, wamu ne Town and Around, pulogulaamu ya London regional " opt out " eyalagibwa mu myaka gya 1960 gyonna (era pulogulaamu y'amawulire mu kitundu eya BBC eyasooka ku Bukiikaddyo bw'obuvanjuba), okutuusa lwe yatandika okukyusibwamu mu ggwanga lyonna ku Lwokubiri okutuuka ku Lwokuna okuva mu Lime Grove Studios ku ntandikwa y'Ogwomwenda 1969. Town and Around teyali ya kugenda mu Television Center, mu kifo ky’ekyo yafuuka London This Week eyalagibwanga ku Mmande n’Olwokutaano lwokka, okuva mu situdiyo za TVC empya. [33]

Okugenda kuno okudda mu situdiyo entono ng’erina ebikozesebwa ebirungi eby’ekikugu kyasobozesa Newsroom ne News Review okukyusa back projection ne zibikkako okwawula langi. Mu myaka gya 1960, empuliziganya ya setilayiti yali esoboka; [34] wabula, waaliwo emyaka egiwerako nga okukyusa layini ya digito-store tennasobola kukola nkola eno awatali kusoberwa. [35]

Emyaka gya 1970

Nga 14 Ogwomwenda 1970, g'Amawulire g'essaawa esatu agasooka gaalagibwa ku ttivvi. Robert Dougall yayanjula wiiki esooka okuva mu situdiyo N1 [36]  eyannyonnyolwa The Guardian [37] nga "ekika ky'obutoffaali obuliko polystyrene padded cell" [38] amawulire okuba nga gaakyusaibwa okuva ku budde obwasooka obwa ssaawa bbriri ezeekiro ng'okuddamu ku bipimo ebyatuukibwako ITN eby' amawulire ku ssaawa nnya, eyali yatongozebwa emyaka esatu emabega ku ITV eyali ebavuganya. Richard Baker ne Kenneth Kendall baawaayo wiiki ezaddirira, bwe batyo ne baddamu ebiwandiiko ebyo ebyasooka ku ttivvi eby’omu makkati g’emyaka gya 1950.

Angela Rippon yafuuka omukyala eyasooka okusoma amawulire ku saaawa ssatu mu 1975. Omulimu gwe yali akola ebweru w’amawulire gwali tegukwatagana mu kiseera ekyo, yalabikira ku pulogulaamu ya The Morecambe ne Wise Christmas Show mu 1976 ng’ayimba n’okuzina. [39]Omuko ogwasooka ogwa John Craven ogwa Newsround, mu kusooka gwali gugendereddwamu okuba omumpi kyokka oluvannyuma ne gutuumibwa erinnya lya Newsround, nga gwava mu situdiyo ya N3 nga 4 Ogwokuna 1972.

Omuko ogwasooka ogwa John Craven ogwa Newsround, mu kusooka gwali gugendereddwamu okuba omumpi kyokka oluvannyuma ne gutuumibwa erinnya lya Newsround, nga gwava mu situdiyo ya N3 nga 4 Ogwokuna 1972.Ebiwandiiko by’amawulire ebya ttivvi eby’emisana mu makkati n’enkomerero y’emyaka gya 1970 byalagibwanga okuva mu kisenge ky’amawulire ekya BBC kyennyini, okusinga mu emu ku situdiyo z’amawulire essatu. Omusomi w’amawulire yasomeranga ku kkamera ng’atudde ku mabbali g'emmeeza; emabega we abakozi baali balabibwa nga bakola emirimu mingi ku mmeeza zaabwe. Ekiseera kino kyali kikwatagana n’ekiseera ag'esaawa essatu lwe gaafuna enkyukakyuka yaago eyaddako, era nga gandikozesezza ekifaanayi ky'emabega ekya CSO ey’ekisenge ky’amawulire okuva mu kkamera eyo yennyini buli wiiki akawungeezi.

Era mu makkati g’emyaka gya 1970, amawulire ag’ekiro ku BBC2 gaakyusibwa ne gatuumibwa mu bufunze Newsnight, naye kino tekyali kya kuwangaala, oba okuba pulogulaamu y’emu nga bwe tumanyi leero – nti yanditongozeddwa mu 1980  era mu bbanga ttono kyadda mu bufunze bw'amawulire gokka ng'amawulire ga BBC2 ag'akawungeezi gaagaziwa ne gafuuka Newsday.

Amawulire ku leediyo gaali ga kukyuka mu myaka gya 1970, n’okusingira ddala ku leediyo 4, nga gaaleetebwa okutuuka kw’omuwandiisi omupya Peter Woon okuva mu mawulire ga ttivvi n’okussa mu nkola lipoota ya Broadcasting in the Seventies. Mu bino mwalimu okuyingiza abawandiisi mu biwandiiko by’amawulire nga emabegako omusomi w’amawulire yekka ye yandibadde ayanjula, wamu n’okussaamu ebirimu ebikung’aanyiziddwa mu nteekateeka. Pulogulaamu empya nazo zaayongerwa ku nteekateeka ya buli lunaku, PM ne The World Tonight ng'ezimu ku nteekateeka za ttivi okufuuka "omukutu gw'okwogera wonna". [40] Newsbeat yatongozebwa nga empeereza y'amawulire ku Radio 1 nga 10 Ogwomwenda 1973. [41]

Nga 23 Ogwomwenda 1974, enkola ya teletext eyatongozebwa okuleeta amawulire ku ntimbe za ttivvi nga bakozesa ebiwandiiko byokka. Mu kusooka bayinginiya baatandika okukola enkola ng’eyo okusobola okutuusa amawulire eri abalabi abatawulira, naye enkola eyo yagaziwa. Empeereza ya Ceefax yafuuka ya njawulo nnyo nga tennakoma nga 23 Ogwekkumi 2012: teyakoma ku kuba na biwandiiko bitonotono ku mikutu gyonna, era yawa n’amawulire ng’ag'rmbeera y'obudde, ebiseera by’ennyonyi n’okukebera firimu.

Emyaka ekkumi we gyaggweerako, enkola y’okukuba ebifaananyi ku firimu okusobola okuyingiza ebintu mu mawulire yali egenda ekendeera, nga tekinologiya wa ENG yayingizibwa mu Bungereza. Ebyuma ebyo byali byakukendeeza mu kukaluba mu nkozesa yaabyo nga wano BBC okusooka okugezaako kwali kukozesa kkamera ya langi ya Philips ng’erina base station y’omu mugongo n’ekyuma ekikwata ebifaananyi ekya Sony U-matic recorder eky’enjawulo mu kitundu ky’emyaka ekkumi eky'emabega.

Emyaka gya 1980

Mu 1980, okuzingiza ekitebe kya Iran kwali kwakubiddwa mu byuma bikalimagezi ttiimu y’okuweereza ku mpewo eya BBC Television News Outside, era omulimu gw’omusasi Kate Adie, ng’aweereza butereevu okuva ku Prince’s Gate, gwasunsulwa okufulumizibwa mu BAFTA actuality, naye ku mulundi guno gwakubwa ITN ku ngule ya 1980. [42]

Newsnight, pulogulaamu y’amawulire n’ensonga ezigenda mu maaso mu ggwanga, yali ya kugenda ku mpewo nga 23 Ogwoluberebrye 1980, wadde ng’obutakkaanya mu bibiina by’abakozi bwategeeza nti okugitongoza okuva e Lime Grove kwayongezebwayo wiiki emu. [43] Nga 27 Ogwomunaana 1981 Moira Stuart yafuuka omukyala omusomi w'amawulire mu Caribbean eyasooka okulabikira ku ttivvi y'e Bungereza.

Mu mwaka gwa 1982, tekinologiya wa ENG yali afuuse eyeesigika ekimala okusobozesa Bernard Hesketh okukozesa kkamera ya Ikegami okukwata olutalo lw'e Falklands, n'okubunyisa amawulire era ne kimusobozesa okuwangula engule ya " Royal Television Society Cameraman of the Year" eyaweebwa omukwasi w'ebifaananyi ow'omwaka[44] n'okusunsulwa mu BAFTA [45] omulundi ogwasooka nga BBC News yeesigamye ku kkamera ey'ebyuma, okusinga firimu, mu kitundu ekirimu entalo. BBC News yawangula BAFTA olw'okubunyisa amawulire amatuufu, [46] wabula omukolo guno gufuuka ogujjukirwa mu bigambo bya ttivvi olw'okuwandiika amawulire ga Brian Hanrahan mwe yayiiya ebigambo "Sikkirizibwa kwogera nnyonyi mmeka ezeegatta ku kikwekweto, naye zonna nnazibala era zonna nga zigenda era nnazibala nga zikomawo" [47] okuyita mu kulemesebwa olw'obukwakkulizo, era ekifuuse ekijulizibwa ng'ekyokulabirako ky'okukola lipoota ennungi wansi w'okutya okungi.[48]

Pulogulaamu ya ttivvi y’ekyenkya eya BBC eyasooka eya Breakfast Time nayo yatongozebwa mu myaka gya 1980, nga 17 Ogwolubereberye 1983 okuva mu Lime Grove Studio E era nga wabulayo wiiki bbiri evuganya ne ITV TV-am . Frank Bough, Selina Scott, ne Nick Ross baayamba okuzuukusa abalabi n’omusono ogw’okuweereza mu bukkakkamu.[49]


Six O'Clock News yasooka kulagibwa nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1984, okukkakkana ng'efuuse pulogulaamu y'amawulire esinga okulabibwa mu Bungereza (naye okuva mu 2006 ebadde esukkulumye ku BBC News ku Ten ). Mu Gwekkumi 1984, ebifaananyi by’obukadde n’obukadde bw’abantu abaali bafa enjala mu njala eyagwa mu Ethiopia byalagibwa mu alipoota za Michael Buerk owa Six O’Clock News [50] Aba BBC News be baasooka okuwandiika enjala eno, nga lipoota ya Buerk nga 23 Ogwekkumi egamba nti "enjala eyogerwako Baibuli mu kyasa eky'amakumi abiri" era "ekintu ekisinga okumpi ne ggeyeena ku Nsi". [51] Alipoota ya BBC News yawuniikiriza Bungereza, n’ekubiriza bannansi baayo okujjuza ebitongole ebidduukirira abantu, nga Save the Children, n’obuyambi, n’okussa essira mu nsi yonna ku buzibu obuli mu Ethiopia. [52] Lipoota y'amawulire era yalabibwa Bob Geldof, eyategeka oluyimba lw'abazirakisa olwa " Do They Know It's Christmas? " okusonda ssente z'okudduukirira enjala nga zigobererwa ekivvulu kya Live Aid mu Gwomusanvu 1985. [50]

Okutandika mu 1981, BBC yawa omulamwa ogw'awamu mu mawulire gaayo amakulu n'emitwe emipya n'obukuubo obwali bukoleddwa kompyuta nga bukola omwetooloolo [53] ku kifaananyi ky'emabega ekimyufu nga kuliko ekiwandiiko "BBC News" ekirabika wansi w'ebifaananyi eby'enkulungo, n'oluyimba lw'omulamwa olulimu ekikomo ne keyboards. Aba Omwenda baakozesanga ennamba 9 efaananako bwetyo (erimu obukuubo). Ekifaananyi ky'emabega ekimyufu kyakyusibwa n’ekifuulibwa kya bbulu okuva mu 1985 okutuuka mu 1987.

Mu mwaka gwa 1987, BBC yali esazeewo okuddamu okussaako akabonero ku mawulire gaayo era n'eddamu okuteekawo okukodyo obw'enjawulo ku buli limu nga galina emitwe n'ennyimba ez'enjawulo, amawulire ga wiikendi n'ennaku enkulu nga ziwandiikiddwa mu sitayiro efaananako ne Nine, wadde nga ennyanjula ya "obukuubo" yasigala ekozesebwa okutuusa mu 1989 ku mirundi ekiwandiiko ky'amawulire we kyalagibwanga okuva mu nsengeka y'enteekateeka. [54]

Mu 1987, John Birt yazuukiza enkola y’abawandiisi abakolera ku ttivvi ne leediyo ng’atandikawo bannamawulire abakozesa emikutu gy’amawulire ebiri. [55]

Emyaka gya 1990

Mu myaka gya 1990, empeereza ez'enjawulo zaatandika okuweebwa BBC News, nga BBC World Service Television eyayawulwamu n'efuuka BBC World (amawulire n'ebigenda mu maaso), ne BBC Prime (eby'amasanyu ebitonotono). Bw’atyo ebirimu ku mukutu gw’amawulire ogw’essaawa 24 byali byetaagisa, ne bigobererwa mu 1997 n’okutongoza omukutu gw’amawulire ogwenkanankana mu ggwanga ogwa BBC News 24. Mu kifo ky’okuteekawo amawulire, alipoota ezigenda mu maaso n’okubunyisa amawulire byali byetaagisa okukuuma emikutu gyombi nga gikola era nga kitegeeza nti essira ddene okuteekebwa ku mbalirira ya byombi kyali kyetaagisa. Mu 1998, oluvannyuma lw’emyaka 66 mu Broadcasting House, ekikwekweto kya BBC Radio News kyasengukira mu BBC Television Center. [56]

Tekinologiya omupya, eyaweebwa Silicon Graphics, yatandika okukozesebwa mu 1993 okuddamu okutongoza amawulire amakulu aga BBC 1, n’akola ekibinja ekirabika (virtual set) ekyalabika ng’ekinene ennyo okusinga bwe kyali mu buliwo. Okuddamu okutongoza era kwaleeta amawulire gonna mu sitayiro y’emu eya set nga waliwo enkyukakyuka entonotono zokka mu langi, emitwe n’ennyimba okwawula buli emu. Ekibumbe kya kompyuta ekyakolebwa mu ndabirwamu ezisaliddwa ek'ekifaanayi kya BBC kye kyali ekikulu mu mitwe gya pulogulaamu eno okutuusa kkampuni ennene lwe zakyusa erinnya ly’amawulire mu 1999.

Mu Gwekkuminoogumu 1997, BBC News Online yatongozebwa, nga egoberera emikutu gya yintaneeti egy'omuntu ku ssekinnoomu egy'amawulire amakulu nga emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1996, okulonda kwa bonna okwa 1997, n'okufa kw'Omumbejja Diana . [57]

Mu 1999, okuddamu okutongoza okusinga kwaliwo, nga amawulire ga BBC One, BBC World, BBC News 24, ne BBC News Online byonna byatwala obukodyo obufaanagana. Ekimu ku nkyukakyuka ezisinga obukulu kwe kutwala ekifaananyi ky’ekitongole mpolampola mu pulogulaamu z’amawulire ez’omu kitundu eza BBC, nga ziwa sitayiro ey’awamu mu mawulire ga ttivvi za BBC ez’omu kitundu, ez’eggwanga n’ez’ensi yonna. Kuno era kwalimu Newyddion, pulogulaamu y’amawulire enkulu ey’omukutu gw’olulimi Olu Welsh S4C, ogwakolebwa BBC News Wales.

Emyaka gya 2000

Oluvannyuma lw'okuddamu okutongoza BBC News mu 1999, emitwe gy'amawulire egy'omu kitundu gyateekebwa ku ntandikwa y'amawulire ga BBC One mu 2000. [58] Wabula ebitundu by’e Bungereza byafiirwa eddakiika ttaano ku nkomerero y'amawulire gaabwe, olw’omutwe omupya ogwali gukubiddwa ku ssaawa 18:55. [59] Mu 2000 era mwe mwali n'ekya amawulire g'essaawa essatu okudda ku ssaawa nnya oba 22:00. [60] Kino kyali mu kwanukula ITN eyali yaakakyusa pulogulaamu yaabwe emanyiddwa ennyo eya News at Ten oba Amawulire ku ssaawa nnya okutuuka ku ssaawa 23:00. [61] ITN yazzaayo amawulire ku ssaawa nnya okumala akaseera katono kyokka oluvannyuma lw’okuweebwa obubonero obubi bwe yattunka n'amawulire ga BBC ag'essaawa ennya, ekiwandiiko kya ITN kyakyusibwa ne kidda ku ssaawa 22:30, gye kyasigala okutuusa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 2008.

Okuwummula kwa Peter Sissons [62] mu 2009 n'okuva kwa Michael Buerk mu mawulire ku ssaawa nnya[63] kyavaako enkyukakyuka mu ttiimu eyawaayo obubaka bwa BBC One nga 20 Ogwolubereberye 2003. Amawulire g'essaawa ekkuminebbiri gaafuuka g'akusomwa abantu babiri , George Alagiah ne Sophie Raworth oluvannyuma lwa Huw Edwards ne Fiona Bruce okugenda ku g'essaawa ennya. Dizayini empya ey'ekifo awasomerwa amawulire nga kirimu olutimbe olulaga ekifo ekisomerwamu oluyiiye lwatongozebwa, ne luddirirwa nga 16 Ogwokubiri 2004 emitwe gya pulogulaamu empya okukwatagana n’egya BBC News 24.

BBC News 24 ne BBC World zaaleeta sitayiro empya ey’okulaga mu mwezi Ogwolubereberye 2003, eyakyusibwamu katono nga 5 Ogwomusanvu 2004 okujjukira emyaka 50 egya BBC Television News. [64]

Nga 7 Ogwokusatu 2005 dayirekita omukulu Mark Thompson yatongoza pulojekiti ya " Creative Futures " okuddamu okutegeka ekitongole kino. [65]

Ebifo eby’omuntu ssekinnoomu ku kuba omutereeza w’amawulire g’essaawa omusanvu ne n'omukaaga byakyusibwa ne bifuulibwa ekifo ekipya eby’emisana mu Gwekkuminoogumu 2005. Kevin Bakhurst yafuuka Omufuzi eyasooka owa BBC News 24, n’adda mu kifo ky’omuwandiisi. Amanda Farnsworth eyafuuka omuwandiisi w'emisana ate Craig Oliver oluvannyuma n'alondebwa okuba omuwandiisi w'amawulire g'essaawa ennya.

Amawulire gaafuna emitwe emipya n’okukola awasomerwa awapya mu Gwokutaano 2006, okusobozesa Breakfast okusenguka mu situdiyo enkulu omulundi ogwasooka okuva mu 1997. Awasomerwa amawulire awapya waaliwo sikuliini za Barco eza vidiyo nga kuliko ekifaananyi ky'eggulu lya London emabega eryakozesebwa mu mawulire amakulu era mu kusooka kyali kifaananyi ky'ebire bya cirrus nga biri ku ggulu erya bbulu ku ky'enkya . Kino oluvannyuma kyakyusibwa oluvannyuma lw’okuyisibwamu amaaso abalabi. [66] Situdiyo eno yafaanagana ne ITV News eyafulumizibwa ITN mu 2004, wadde nga ITN ekozesa situdiyo ya CSO ezitaliiwo mu buliwo okusinga screens ezaddala ku BBC News.

BBC News yafuuka ekitundu ku kibiina ekipya ekya BBC Journalism mu Gwekkuminoogumu 2006 ng’emu ku nteekateeka z’okuddamu okutegeka BBC. Eyali Dayirekita wa BBC News mu kiseera ekyo, Helen Boaden yawa alipoota eri omumyuka wa Dayirekita omukulu mu kiseera ekyo era akulira ekibiina kya bannamawulire, Mark Byford okutuusa lwe yaggyibwa ku mulimu mu 2010. [67]

Nga 18 Ogwekkuminoogumu 2007, ED Mark Thompson yalangirira enteekateeka y'emyaka omukaaga, "Delivering Creative Futures" (esinziira ku pulojekiti ye eyatandika mu Gwokusatu 2005), ng'agatta ekitongole kya ttivvi ekikola ku nsonga z'ebifa mu ggwanga mu kitundu ekipya ekya "News Programmes". [68] [69] Thompson okulangirira, ng’ayanukula olw'enkendeera mu buvujjirizi obwa pawundi obuwumbi bubiri, yagamba nti, tuweerereza ku "BBC entono naye nga nnungi" mu mulembe gwa digito, nga tusala ku musaala gwayo era, mu 2013, n'atunda Television Center . [70]

Ebisenge by’amawulire eby’enjawulo eby’emirimu gya ttivvi, leediyo ne ku yintaneeti byagattibwa ne bifuuka ekisenge kimu eky’amawulire eky’emikutu emingi. Okukola pulogulaamu munda mu bisenge by’amawulire kwagattibwa wamu okukola ekitongole ekikola pulogulaamu ez’emikutu emingi. Dayirekita wa BBC World Service, Peter Horrocks yagamba nti enkyukakyuka zino zigenda kufuna omugaso mu kiseera kino eky’okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya mu BBC. Mu bye yawandiika ku mikutu gye emigatta bantu, yawandiika nti okukozesa eby’obugagga bye bimu mu mikutu egy’enjawulo egy’okuweereza ku mpewo kitegeeza nti emboozi ntono ezisobola okufulumizibwa, oba okugoberera emboozi nnyingi, wandibaddewo engeri ntono ez’okuziweereza ku mpewo. [71]

Enkola empya ey’okuzannya ebifaananyi ne vidiyo yatongozebwa okufulumya ebiwandiiko bya ttivvi mu Gwolubereberye 2007. Kino kyakwatagana n’ensengeka empya mu mawulire ga BBC World News, abafulumya ebitabo nga baagala ekitundu ekiweereddwayo okwekenneenya amawulire agafulumizibwa.

Ekiwandiiko ekipya ekya BBC News ekyasooka okuva ku mawulire g'essaawa ekkuminebbiri kyalangirirwa mu Gwomusanvu 2007 oluvannyuma lw’okuwozesebwa obulungi mu Midlands. [72] Mu bufunze, obumala sekondi 90, bubadde bulagibwa ku ssaawa 20:00 ku nnaku za wiiki okuva mu Gwekkumineebiri 2007 era nga bufaanagana ne 60 Seconds ku BBC Three, kyokka nga mulimu n’emitwe okuva mu bitundu bya BBC eby’enjawulo n’okuwa mu bufunze embeera y’obudde.

Ng’emu ku nteekateeka y’okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya ey’ekiseera ekiwanvu, amawulire gakyusibwa ne gatuumibwa BBC News ku ssaawam Muanvu, kkuminabbiri n'ennya mu Gwokuna 2008 ate BBC News 24 n’ekyusibwa erinnya BBC News n’egenda mu situdiyo y’emu ne bulletin ku BBC Television Centre. [73] [74] BBC World yakyusibwa erinnya lya BBC World News era pulogulaamu z’amawulire ez’omu kitundu nazo zaddamu okulongoosebwa n’engeri empya ey’okulaga, eyakolebwa Lambie-Nairn . [75]

2008 era yafuna emikutu esatu egyatongozebwa ku TV, leediyo, ne ku yintaneeti. [76]

Okusenguka mu situdiyo era kwategeeza nti Studio N9 eyali ekozesebwa ku BBC World yaggalwa, era emirimu gyasenguka ne gigenda mu situdiyo eyasooka eya BBC News 24. Oluvannyuma situdiyo N9 yaddamu okuteekebwateekebwa okutuukana n’akabonero akapya, era n’ekozesebwa mu kulonda kwa BBC okwa Bungereza mu bitundu by’e Bungereza n’okulaga okulonda kwa Bulaaya ku ntandikwa y'Ogwomukaaga 2009.

Emyaka gya 2010

Okwekenneenya enkola ya BBC mu Gwokusatu 2010, kwakakasa nti okubeera ne "eby'amawulire ebisinga mu nsi yonna" kyandikoze emu ku nkola etaano enkulu ez'okuwandiika, ng'ekimu ku nkyukakyuka ezirina okwebuuza ku bantu n'okukkirizibwa BBC Trust . [77]

Oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera ng’eyimiriziddwa ku nkomerero ya 2012, Helen Boaden yalekera awo okubeera Dayirekita wa BBC News. [78] Nga 16 Ogwokuna 2013, Dayirekita wa BBC omuggya Tony Hall yayita James Harding, eyali omutereeza w’olupapula lw’amawulire olwa The Times of London ng'amuyita Dayirekita w’Amawulire n’Ebifa mu ggwanga.[79]

Okuva mu Gwomunaana 2012 okutuuka mu Gwokusatu 2013, emirimu gyonna egy’amawulire gyava mu Television Center ne gigenda mu bifo ebipya mu Broadcasting House eyaddaabirizibwa era n’egaziyizibwa, mu Portland Place . Enkola eno yatandika mu Gwekkumi 2012, era nga mulimu ne BBC World Service eyasenguka okuva mu Bush House oluvannyuma lwa liizi ya BBC okuggwaako. Okugaziya kuno okupya okugenda mu bukiikakkono n'obuvanjuba, okuyitibwa "New Broadcasting House", kulimu situdiyo za leediyo ne ttivvi empya eziwerako ez'omulembe nga zeetoolodde atrium ey'emyaliiro 11. [80] Enkola eno yatandika ne pulogulaamu y'omunda mu ggwanga eya The Andrew Marr Show nga 2 Ogwomwenda 2012, era yakomekkerezebwa n'okusenguka kw'omukutu gwa BBC News n'amawulire g'omunda nga 18 Ogwokusatu 2013. [81] [82] [83] Ekisenge ky’amawulire kirimu amawulire gonna ag’omunda mu ggwanga ne pulogulaamu ku ttivvi ne leediyo, wamu n’emikutu gya leediyo egy’ensi yonna egya BBC World Service n’omukutu gwa ttivvi ogw’ensi yonna ogwa BBC World News .

BBC News ne CBS News baatandikawo omukago n’okutereeza n'okukungaanya amawulire mu 2017, ne badda mu kifo ky’omukago ogwali gumaze ebbanga wakati wa BBC News ne ABC News . [84]

Mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa aba Simmons Research mu Gwekkumi 2018 ku bitongole by’amawulire 38, BBC News yakwata ekifo eky’okuna mu kitongole ky’amawulire ekisinga okwesigika mu Bamerica, emabega wa CBS News, ABC News ne The Wall Street Journal . [85]

Emyaka gya 2020


Mu Gwolubereberye gwa 2020 BBC yalangirira nti BBC News yali esuubira okutereka ssente za pawundi obukadde 80 buli mwaka, 2022 we gunaatuukira, nga kino kizingiramu okukendeeza ku bakozi nga 450 okuva ku 6,000 abaliwo kati. Dayirekita wa BBC ow’amawulire n’ensonga eziri mu ggwanga Fran Unsworth yagambye nti wagenda kubaawo okugenda mu maaso n’okuweereza ku mpewo mu ngeri ya digito, mu kitundu okusikiriza abalabi abato okuddayo, n’okugatta bannamawulire okusingawo okukomya ttiimu ez’enjawulo okubunyisa amawulire ge gamu. [86][87] Okukendeeza ku bakozi abalala 70 kwalangirirwa mu Gwomusanvu 2020. [88]

BBC Three yatandika okuweereza pulogulaamu y’amawulire eya The Catch Up mu Gwokubiri 2022. Eweerezebwa Levi Jouavel, Kirsty Grant, ne Callum Tulley era nga egenderera okufuna abantu omukutu guno be gugenderera (ab'emyaka 16 okutuuka ku 34) okukola amakulu mu nsi ebabeetoolodde ate nga era liraga emboozi ezirina essuubi.[89] Bw’ogeraageranya n'eyasooka eya sekonda 60, The Catch Up esingako emirundi esatu, etambula okumala eddakiika nga ssatu ate nga tefulumira ku mpewo ku wiikendi.[90]

Okusinziira ku lipoota yaayo ey’omwaka we bwatuukira mu 2021 , Buyindi y’esinga okukozesa empeereza za BBC mu nsi yonna. [1]

Mu Gwokutaano 2025, oluvannyuma lwa musisi eyakuba Myanmar ne Thailand, ekiwandiiko kya ttivvi (BBC News Myanmar) okuva mu mpeereza ya Burma nga kikozesa sseetilayiti ya Voice of America yatandika okuweereza.[91]

Okukola pulogulaamu n’okukola alipoota

[kyusa | kolera mu edit source]

Mu Ogwekkuminoogumu 2023, BBC News yeegatta ku kibiina ky’ensi yonna ekya International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Paper Trail Media [de], ne kkampuni z'ammawulire ze baakolagananga nazo omwali Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) era bannamawulire abaasukka mu 270 mu nsi 55 n'amatwale [92]​ [93]​​ okufulumya alipoota ya 'Cyprus Confidential' okulaga entambula y'ebyensimbi ekiwagira obufuzi bwa Vladimir Putin, okusinga nga alina abantu mu Cyprus era n'eraga nti alina abantu baakolagana nabo eenyo ab’oku ntikko mu Kremlin, abamu ku bo baaweebwa envumbo. [94] [95] Abakungu ba gavumenti omuli pulezidenti wa Cyprus Nikos Christodoulides [96] n’ababaka ba Palamenti mu Bulaaya [97] baatandika okwanukula ebizuuliddwa mu kunoonyereza mu ssaawa ezitakka wansi wa 24,[96] nga basaba ennongoosereza n’okutongoza okunoonyereza.[98][99]


Ttivvi yaabwe

BBC News y’evunaanyizibwa ku pulogulaamu z’amawulire n’ebiwandiiko ku mikutu gya ttivvi za BBC egy’awamu, wamu n’okufulumya amawulire ku mukutu gwa BBC News Channel mu Bungereza, n’okukola pulogulaamu ez’essaawa 22 ku mukutu gw’ekitongole kino ogw’ensi yonna ogwa BBC World News.[100][101] Okuwandiika ku Palamenti ya BBC kukolebwa ku lwa BBC mu Millbank Studios, wadde nga BBC News egaba ebikwata ku bafulumya n’amawulire.[102] Ebirimu bya BBC News era bifulumizibwa ku ttivvi za BBC eza digito ezikwatagana wansi w’akabonero ka BBC Red Button, era okutuusa mu 2012, ku nkola ya Ceefax teletext.[103]

Ennyimba ku pulogulaamu zonna ez'amawulire ku ttivvi za BBC gwatongozebwa mu 1999 era nga zaayimbibwa David Lowe.[104] Yali emu ku kuddamu okussaako akabonero akaatandika mu 1999 era nga kuliko ' BBC Pips '.[105] Omulamwa ogw’awamu gwakozesebwa ku mawulire ku BBC One, News 24, BBC World ne pulogulaamu z’amawulire ez’omu ggwanga mu BBC’s Nations and Regions .[105] Lowe era ye yali avunaanyizibwa ku nnyimba zino ku Radio One's Newsbeat .[105] Omulamwa guno gubadde n’enkyukakyuka eziwerako okuva mu 1999, eyasembyeyo mu Gwokusatu 2013.[104]

Omukutu gw'amawulire ogwa BBC Arabic Television gwatongozebwa nga 11 Gwokusatu 2008,[106] omukutu ogw'olulimi Olupersia gwagobererwa nga 14 Ogwolubereberye 2009,[107] nga guweereza okuva mu kiwayi kya Peel ekya Broadcasting House; byombi birimu amawulire, okwekenneenya, okubuuza ebibuuzo, ebyemizannyo n’eby’obuwangwa eby’amaanyi era nga biddukanyizibwa BBC World Service era nga biweebwa ssente okuva mu nsimbi eziweebwayo okuva mu ofiisi ya Bungereza ey’ensonga z’ebweru (so si layisinsi ya ttivvi ).[108]

Empeereza ya BBC Verify yatongozebwa mu 2023 okukebera amawulire amatuufu, n’eddirirwa BBC Verify Live mu 2025.[109]

Leediyo yaayo

BBC Radio News efulumya amawulire agakwata ku leediyo z’eggwanga eza BBC era egaba obubaka ku lwa leediyo za BBC ez’omu ggwanga ng’eyita mu General News Service (GNS), empeereza y’okusaasaanya mawulire ey’omunda mu BBC [110]. BBC News tefulumya mawulire ga BBC agakwata ku bitundu, agafulumizibwa amawanga ssekinnoomu aga BBC n’ebitundu byennyini. Ekitongole kya BBC World Service kiweereza abantu nga 150 abantu obukadde mu Lungereza awamu n’ennimi 27 okwetoloola ensi yonna.[111] BBC Radio News ye muyambi w'ekitongole kya Radio Academy.[112]

Ku mukutu emigatta bantu

BBC News Online gwe mukutu gw'amawulire ogwa BBC Gwatongozebwa mu Gwekkumineebiri 1997,[113] naye gw’egumu ku mikutu gy’amawulire egisinga okwettanirwa,[114] nga gwalina akawumbi 1.2 ak'abantu abaagukyaliranga we bwatuukira mu Gwokuna 2021,[115] nga kwotadde n’okukozesebwa ebitundu 60% ku abo bakozesa yintaneeti mu Bungereza okufuna amawulire.[116] Omukutu guno gulimu amawulire ag’ensi yonna awamu n’amawulire agakwata ku by’amasanyu, emizannyo, ssaayansi n’ebyobufuzi.[117]

Apu z’oku ssimu ez’enkola za Android, iOS ne Windows Phone ziweereddwayo okuva mu 2010.[118] Pulogulaamu nnyingi eza ttivvi ne leediyo nazo zisangibwa ku mpeereza za BBC iPlayer ne BBC Sounds . Omukutu gwa BBC News nagwo gusobola okulabwa essaawa 24 buli lunaku, ate vidiyo ne leediyo nazo zisangibwa mu mikutu gy’amawulire egy’oku yintaneeti.[119]

Mu Gwekkumi 2019, BBC News Online yatongoza endabirwamu ku mukutu gwa dark web anonymity network ogwa Tor mu kaweefube w’okwewala okusengejjebwa.

Okukomelerwa Abantu

[kyusa | kolera mu edit source]

Obwetwaze mu byobufuzi n’ebyobusuubuzi

BBC eragiddwa mu ndagaano yaayo egikkiriza okukola mu bujjuvu obutaba na buyinza bwa byabufuzi na byabusuubuzi era ng’eddamu abalabi n’abawuliriza bokka. Obugenderevu buno obw’ebyobufuzi oluusi bubuusibwabuusibwa. Okugeza, The Daily Telegraph (3 Ogwomunaana 2005) yatwala ebbaluwa okuva ew'omuntu w'ekitongole kya KGB Oleg Gordievsky, ng'agiyita "The Red Service". Ebitabo biwandiikiddwa ku nsonga eno omuli ebitabo ebiwakanya BBC nga Truth Betrayed eya WJ West ne The Truth Twisters eya Richard Deacon. Ababaka ba Palamenti aba Conservative baabalumiriza okuba ne kyekubiira[120]

Ekitabo kya BBC ekiyitibwa Editorial Guidelines on Politics and Public Policy kigamba nti wadde nga "amaloboozi n'endowooza z'ebibiina ebivuganya gavumenti birina okufulumizibwa bulijjo n'okusoomoozebwa", "gavumenti eri mu buyinza y'etera okuba ensibuko y'amawulire enkulu".[121]

BBC bulijjo gavumenti erumiriza olw’okwekubira ng’ewagira ab’oludda oluvuganya ate n’abavuganya gavumenti ne baginenya nga bagamba nti yeekubira ku ludda lwa gavumenti. Mu ngeri y’emu, mu biseera by’olutalo, BBC etera okulumirizibwa gavumenti ya Bungereza, oba abawagizi ab’amaanyi aba kampeyini z’amagye ga Bungereza, nti esaasira nnyo ku ndowooza y’omulabe. Omuko ogwa Newsnight ku ntandikwa y'olutalo lw'e Falklands mu 1982 gwayogerwako nga "kumpi ogw'okulya mu nsi olukwe" John Page, omubaka wa Palamenti, eyawakanya Peter Snow ng'agamba nti "bwe tukkiriza Abangereza".[122]

Mu lutalo lwa Gulf War olwasooka, abaavumirira BBC baatandika okukozesa erinnya ery'okusaaga erya "Baghdad Broadcasting Corporation".[123] Mu lutalo lw'e Kosovo, BBC zaayitibwa ba minisita ba Bungereza "Belgrade Broadcasting Corporation" (ekiraga nti baali bawagira gavumenti ya FR Yugoslavia okusinga abayeekera ab'amawanga ga Albania ) [123] wadde nga Slobodan Milosević (mu kiseera ekyo pulezidenti wa FRY) yagamba nti ebiwandiiko bya BBC byali bisosola eggwanga lye.[124]

Okwawukanako n'ekyo, abamu ku abo abeeyisa nga abawakanya entalo mu Bungereza oba abaawakanya entalo z'amawanga amalala baalumirizza BBC okwekubira mu mateeka oba okugaana okuwa amaloboozi "agalwanyisa entalo". Oluvannyuma lw’okulumba Iraq mu 2003, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Cardiff University School of Journalism ku lipoota y’olutalo kwazuula nti ku buli kkumi ebigambo mwenda ebikwata ku by’okulwanyisa bi nnamuzisa mu kiseera ky’olutalo byalowooza nti Iraq yabirina, era omu yekka ku buli 10 ye yabuusabuusa enteebereza eno. Era yakizuukira nti, mu mikutu gya Bungereza emikulu egyali gikwata olutalo, BBC ye yalabika okusinga okukozesa gavumenti n’amagye ga Bungereza ng’ensibuko yaayo ey'amawulire. Era ye yali esuubirwa ekitono ennyo okukozesa ensonda ezeetongodde, nga Red Cross, ezaali zisinga okuvumirira olutalo. Bwe kyatuuka ku kuwa alipoota ku bantu abafiira mu Iraq, okunoonyereza kuno kwazuula alipoota ntono ku BBC okusinga ku mikutu emirala esatu emikulu. Omuwandiisi wa alipoota eno, Justin Lewis, yawandiika nti "Ewala ennyo okuva ku kulaga nti BBC ewakanya olutalo, bye tuzudde bitera okuwa obwesige eri abo abaawakanya BBC olw'okulumirirwa ennyo gavumenti mu kukwata amawulire g'entalo zaayo. Mu ngeri yonna, kyeyoleka lwatu nti okulumiriza BBC okwekubira mu lutalo kulemererwa okuyimirirawo okwekenneenya kwonna okw'amaanyi oba okuwangaala." [125]

Okulondebwa kwa BBC okwamaanyi buli kiseera kwekenneenyezebwa emikutu gy’amawulire n’ebyobufuzi mu Bungereza okulaba oba waliwo obubonero obulaga nti balina kyekubiira mu byobufuzi. Okulondebwa kwa Greg Dyke ku bwa Dayirekita omukulu kwayogerwako ensonda mu mawulire kubanga Dyke yali mmemba w’ekibiina kya Labour Party era nga yali mulwanirizi w’addembe ly’obuntu, nga kw’otadde n'okuba mukwano gwa Tony Blair . Eyali omuwandiisi w’ebyobufuzi mu BBC, Nick Robinson, emyaka egiyise yali ssentebe w’ekibiina kya Young Conservatives era ekyavaamu, yasikiriza okunenya okutali kutongole okuva mu gavumenti eyasooka eya Labour, kyokka Andrew Marr eyamusooka yayolekagana n’okuwoza okufaananako okuva ku ddyo kubanga yali muwandiisi wa The Independent, olupapula lw’amawulire olw’eddembe, nga tannalondebwa mu 2000.

Mark Thompson, eyali Dayirekita omukulu owa BBC, yakkiriza nti ekibiina kino kyali kyekubira " okudda ku kkono" emabegako. Yagamba nti, "Mu BBC gye nneegattako emyaka 30 egiyise, waaliwo, mu bintu bingi ebigenda mu maaso, mu byobufuzi by'abantu ssekinnoomu, ebyali eby'olwatu, ku kwekubira okw'amaanyi eri kkono".[126] Awo n'agattako nti, "Ekibiina kyalwanira ddala mu kiseera ekyo n'obuteekubira. Kati mulembe gwa njawulo ddala. Waliwo obusosoze bw'ebika obutono ennyo obw'olwatu mu bannamawulire abato abakolera BBC."

Oluvannyuma lw’akalulu ka EU mu 2016, abamu ku baavumirira baagamba nti BBC yalina oludda ng’ewagira okuva mu mukago gwa EU. Okugeza mu 2018, BBC yafuna okwemulugunya okuva mu bantu abaatwala ensonga nti BBC teyakwata kimala ku kutambula okulwanyisa Brexit ate ng’ewa emikolo emitonotono egyategekebwa eyali omukulembeze wa UKIP Nigel Farage obudde bungi ku mpewo.[127] Ate okunoonyereza okwafulumizibwa YouGov kwalaga nti abantu 45% abaalonda okuva mu mukago gwa EU baalowooza nti BBC ‘ewakanya nnyo Brexit’ bw’ogeraageranya n’abalonzi 13% ab’ekika kye kimu abaalowooza nti BBC yali ewagira Brexit.[128]

E buyindi
Mu 2008, BBC Hindi yavumirira emikutu gy'amawulire egimu egy'Abayindi olw'okuyita abatujju abaakola obulumbaganyi bw'e Mumbai mu 2008 nti "abakubi b'emmundu".[129][130] Eky’okuddamu ku kino kyayongera okunenya okwasooka okuva mu bamu ku baawa endowooza zaabwe ku nsonga Abayindi nga bagamba nti BBC eyinza okuba n’okwekubira mu Indophobic.[131] Mu Gwokusatu 2015, BBC yavumwa olw’ekiwandiiko kya BBC Storyville nga kibuuza omu ku baasobya ku bakazi mu Buyindi. Wadde nga kkooti enkulu ya Buyindi yakiwera, [132] BBC ekyalaga ekiwandiiko kya " Muwala wa Buyindi " ebweru wa Buyindi.

Okubuuliriza kwa Hutton

BBC News yali wakati mu butakkaanya mu byobufuzi oluvannyuma lw'okulumba Iraq mu 2003. Alipoota ssatu eza BBC News ( Andrew Gilligan ’s on Today, Gavin Hewitt’s on The Ten O’Clock News n'endalaku Newsnight ) zaajuliza ensonda etaategeerekeka mannya eyagamba nti gavumenti ya Bungereza (naddala ofiisi ya Ssaabaminisita) yayooyoota Dossier y'Ogwomwenda n’okusaakiriza ekya Iraq okuba n'e by'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa. Gavumenti yavumirira amawulire gano era n’elumiriza ekitongole kino okukola amawulire obubi.

Mu wiiki ezaddirira ekitongole kino kyayimirira ku alipoota eno, ne kigamba nti kyalina ensonda eyeesigika. Oluvannyuma lw’okuteeberezebwa okw’amaanyi mu mawulire, David Kelly yaweebwayo mu mawulire ng’ensibuko y’emboozi ya Gilligan eya nga 9 Ogwomusanvu 2003. Kelly yasangibwa ng’afudde, nga yeetuze, mu nnimiro okumpi n’amaka ge ku makya nga 18 Ogwomusanvu. Okunoonyereza okwakulemberwa Lord Hutton kwalangirirwa gavumenti ya Bungereza enkeera okunoonyereza ku mbeera eyaviirako Kelly okufa, ne bamaliriza nti "Dr. Kelly yetta bwessi." [133]

Mu lipoota ye nga 28 Ogwolubereberye 2004, Lord Hutton yamaliriza agamba nti Gilligan bye yasooka okulumirizibwa tebyalina musingi era enkola ya BBC ey'okuwandiika n'okuddukanya emirimu gyayo yali "erimu obuzibu". Okusingira ddala, yavumirira nnyo olujegere lw’abaddukanya emirimu olwaleetera BBC okulwanirira emboozi yaayo. Dayirekita wa BBC, Richard Sambrook, alipoota egamba nti yali akkirizza ekigambo kya Gilligan nti emboozi ye ntuufu wadde ng’ebiwandiiko bye tebyatuukirira. Olwo Davies yali ategeezezza olukiiko lwa BBC Olw'okuntikko oba Board of Governors nti musanyufu n’emboozi eno era n’ategeeza Ssaabaminisita nti okunoonyereza okw’omunda okumatiza kwaliwo. Olukiiko olufuzi, wansi w’okulungamizibwa ssentebe, Gavyn Davies, lwakkirizza nti okwongera okunoonyereza ku kwemulugunya kwa Gavumenti kwali tekwetaagisa.

Olw’okunenya okwali mu alipoota ya Hutton, Davies yalekulira ku lunaku lwe yafulumizibwa. BBC News yafuna kugezesebwa okukulu, ne yeekolako alipoota n'okugifulumya , kyokka olw'okukkiriza okwawamu (okw'olukiiko olwokuntikko) kino yakiddukanya "mu bwetwaze, awatali kyekubiira era mu bwesimbu".[134] Davies okulekulira kwaddirirwa okulekulira kwa Dayirekita General, Greg Dyke, enkeera, n’okulekulira kwa Gilligan nga 30 Ogwolubereberye . Wadde nga awatali kubuusabuusa kyali kizibu nnyo eri ekitongole kino, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ICM mu Gwokuna 2003 kwalaga nti kyali kikuumye ekifo kyakyo ng’ekitongole ekisinga obulungi era ekyesigika mu kuwa amawulire.[135]

Douglas Davis, omusasi wa London owa The Jerusalem Post, ayogedde ku BBC okuwandiika ku lutalo lw’Abawalabu ne Yisirayiri nga “okulaga okutasalako, okw’oludda olumu ku Yisirayiri ng’eggwanga erya sitaani, ery’abamenyi b’amateeka n’Abayisirayiri ng’abanyigiriza abalala mu bukambwe ekirimu obubonero bwonna obwa kampeyini ey’okuvumaganya abantu, mu kumanya oba , obutamanya erina ekikolwa eky’okuggya eggwanga ly’Abayudaaya mu kugoberera amateeka n’ozuukusa obukyayi obw'edda obw'ekizikiza obw'Abazungu obwali tebugumiikiriza kwogera linnya lyabwo okumala ekitundu ky'ekyasa ekyayita."[136] Wabula okunoonyereza okunene okwe mirundi ebiri okwetongodde, okumu okwakolebwa Loughborough University ate okulala okwakolebwa Glasgow University’s Media Group era kwawunzika kugamba nti endowooza za Yisirayiri ziweebwa okufulumizibwa okusingawo.[137][138]

Abavumirira BBC bagamba nti lipoota ya Balen ekakasa nti erimu kyekubiira mu nkola entegeke ku Yisirayiri mu pulogulaamu z’amawulire agakola emitwe. The Daily Mail ne The Daily Telegraph baavumirira BBC olw’okusaasaanya obutitimbe bwa pawundi ez’abawi b’omusolo mu Bungereza okulemesa lipoota eno okufulumizibwa eri abantu.[139][140]

Jeremy Bowen, Omutereeza w'amawulire ga BBC world news, mu Middle East, yaggyibwayo aba BBC Trust olwa kyekubiira era baasalawo nti yamenya "ebiragiro bya BBC ku butuufu n'obutaba na ludda."[141]

Akakiiko akeetongodde akaalondebwa ekitongole kya BBC Trust kaatandikibwawo mu 2006 okwekenneenya obutasosola mu ngeri BBC gye yafulumya ku butakkaanya wakati wa Yisirayiri ne Palestine.[142] Okwekenneenya kw'akakiiko kwali nti "ng'oggyeeko ebisobyo by'omuntu ssekinnoomu, tewaaliwo nsonga y'amaanyi eyali ereetera abantu okugamba nti obwakyekubiira bwali bugenderere." Wadde nga bategeera "okwewaayo okubeera abatuufu mu bwenkanya era nga tebalina kyekubiira" n'okutendereza ebingi ku biwandiiko bya BBC akakiiko akeetongodde kaamaliriza "nti ebifulumizibwa BBC tebiwa bulijjo ebifa mu lutalo mu bujjuvu era mu bwenkanya. Mu ngeri ezimu ekifaananyi tekituukiridde era, mu ngeri eyo, kibuzaabuza." Etegeeza nti, "okulemererwa okutuusa obulungi enjawulo mu bumanyirivu bwa Yisirayiri ne Palestine, [kiraga] nti oludda olumu lwe lufuga ate olulala lubeera wansi w'obuwambe".

Ng’awandiika mu lupapula lwa Financial Times, Philip Stephens, omu ku bakubaganya b'ebirowoozo ku kakiiko, oluvannyuma yanenya dayirekita wa BBC Mark Thompson, olw'okubuzaabuza bye baasalawo ku kakiiko kano. Yayongera okuwa endowooza ye nga agamba nti "Endowooza yange eri nti okuwandiika amawulire ga BBC nakyo kifiiriddwa obweyamo bwakyo obw'obutaba na ludda obwali obw'amaanyi, n'okussa ekitiibwa ekyetaagisa eri enkola ya demokulasiya. Bwemba ndi mutuufu, BBC, nayo, ebuze".[143] Mark Thompson yafulumya ekiwandiiko ekyegaana mu lupapula lwa FT enkeera waalwo.[144]

Ennyonyola y’omusasi omu owa BBC ng’awandiika ku kuziika kwa Yassir Arafat nti yali alese amaziga mu maaso ge. Ebigambo ebyo byaleetawo ebibuuzo ebirala eby’obutaba na kyekubiira, naddala okuva ewa Martin Walker [145] mu kitundu ky’okuwa endowooza y’omugenyi mu pulogulaamu ya The Times, eyaggyayo omusango ogulabika ogwa Fayad Abu Shamala, omusasi wa BBC Arabic Service, eyategeeza olukungaana lwa Hamas nga 6 Ogwokutaano 2001, nti bannamawulire mu Gaza baali "bakola kampeyini zino nga bali wamu n'abantu ba Palestine".[145]

Tom Gross, ng'awandiika mu National Review, yavumirira BBC okukwata abantu ba Hamas abeetulisizaako bbomu [146] n'okuyita kwayo okwa Jenny Tonge ne Tom Paulin ng'abagenyi ab'pkwogera ku nsonga, n'agamba nti Paulin "yageraageranya abasenze Abayudaaya n'Abanazi". Paulin emabegako yali yategeeza nti abasenze mu Yisirayiri baalina "okukubwa amasasi bafe", era n'agamba nti yali asobola "okutegeera engeri abeetulisizaako bbomu gye baali bawuliramu".[147]

BBC era yayolekera okunenyezebwa olw’obutalaga ku mpewo kulaajana kwa buyambi bwa kakiiko k’ebyigwa bitalaze eri Abapalestine abaabonaabona mu Gaza mu lutalo olw’ennaku 22 eyo wakati w’enkomerero ya 2008 n’okutandika kwa 2009. Emikutu emirala emikulu egya Bungereza egisinga gyakola ku mpewo okujulira kuno, naye Sky News eyali evuganya nayo teyakukola.[148]

Munnamawulire w’e Bungereza Julie Burchill yalumiriza BBC okuleeta “embeera y’okutya” eri Abayudaaya b’e Bungereza olw’okulaga Yisirayiri okwali kuyitiridde bw’ogeraageranya n’amawanga amalala.[149]

Olw’olutalo lw’e Gaza, BBC yayimiriza bannamawulire Abawalabu musanvu ku bigambibwa nti baali bawagira Hamas nga bayita ku mikutu gya yintaneeti.[150]

BBC ne ABC bagabana ebitundu bya vidiyo n’abasasi nga bwe kyetaagisa mu kufulumya amawulire gaabwe. BBC eraga ABC World News Tonight ne David Muir mu Bungereza. Wabula mu Gwomusanvu 2017, BBC yalangirira enkolagana empya ne CBS News eyasobozesa ebibiina byombi okugabana vidiyo, ebirimu mu biwandiiko, n’ebintu ebirala eby’okukung’aanya amawulire mu New York, London, Washington n’ensi yonna.[151]

BBC News ewandiika ku mpeereza za waya okuva mu bitongole by’ensi yonna ebikulembedde omuli PA Media (eyali Press Association), Reuters, ne Agence France-Presse . Mu Gwokuna 2017, BBC yasuula Associated Press n’ewagira empeereza eyali erinnyisiddwa omutindo okuva mu AFP [152]

Endowooza ya gavumenti z’amawanga amalala

Abasasi ba BBC News n’empeereza ku mpewo mu biseera bino n'ebyemabega baawerebwa mu mawanga agawerako okusinga olw’okufulumya amawulire agazze gawakanya gavumenti eziba mu buyinza. Ng’ekyokulabirako, abawandiisi b’amawulire baali bawereddwa gavumenti eyali ey’obusosoze mu mawanga ga South Africa. BBC yawerebwa mu Zimbabwe ku mulembe gwa Mugabe[153] okumala emyaka munaana ng'ekibiina ky'abatujju okutuusa lwe yakkirizibwa okuddamu okukola oluvannyuma lw'omwaka ogusukka mu gumu ng'okulonda kwa 2008 kuwedde.[154]

BBC yawerebwa mu Burma ( Myanmar) oluvannyuma lw’okuwandiika n’okunnyonnyola ku kwekalakaasa okwaliwo nga bawakanya gavumenti eyo mu Gwomwenda 2007. Envumbo eno yaggyibwawo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka ena mu Gwomwenda wa 2011. Abalala abaabateekako envumbo kwaliko Uzbekistan,[155] China,[156] ne Pakistan.[157] BBC Persian, omukutu gwa BBC ogw'amawulire mu lulimi Oluperusi, gwaziyizibwa ku yintaneeti ya Iran mu 2006.[158] Omukutu gwa BBC News gwaddamu okufulumizibwa mu China mu Gwokusatu 2008,[159] naye we bwatuukira mu Gwekkumi 2014 , yaddamu okugaanibwa.[160]

Mu Gwomukaaga 2015, gavumenti ya Rwanda yassaawo envumbo etaliiko kiseera ku mpewo za BBC oluvannyuma lw’okulaga ekiwandiiko ekyalimu okusika omuguwa ku kittabantu ekyaliwo mu Rwanda mu 1994, mu lugero lwa Rwanda’s Untold Story, olwalagibwa ku BBC2 nga 1 Ogwekkumi 2014. Ofiisi ya Bungereza ey'ensonga z'ebweru yategeera "obulumi obwateekebwa mu Rwanda olw'ebitundu ebimu eby'olugero luno".[161]

Mu Gwokubiri 2017, bannamawulire okuva mu BBC (nga kw’otadde ne Daily Mail, The New York Times, Politico, CNN, n’endala) baagaanibwa okuyingira mu lukiiko lwa Amerika olwa White House.[162]

Mu 2017, BBC India yawerebwa okumala emyaka etaano obutakola ku makuumiro g'ebisolo ag’eggwanga gonna mu Buyindi.[163] Oluvannyuma lw'okuggyibwako layisinsi ya CGTN ey'okuweereza ku mpewo mu Bungereza nga 4 Gwokubiri 2021 nga Ofcom,[164] China yawera BBC News okuweereza mu China.[165]

Laba ne

[kyusa | kolera mu edit source]

Ebijuliziddwa

[kyusa | kolera mu edit source]
  1. ↑ "News Group Senior Management". BBC. December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Boaden, Helen (18 November 2004). "NewsWatch – About BBC News – This is BBC News". Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  3. ↑ "Content". Archived from the original on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  4. ↑ Herbert J, John (11 February 2013). Practising Global Journalism: Exploring Reporting Issues Worldwide. CRC Press. Chapter 1, Page 24. ISBN 9781136029868. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  5. ↑ "A message to staff from Deborah Turness, CEO BBC News and Current Affairs" (in Lungereza). BBC. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  6. ↑ "Review of BBC news and current affairs" (PDF). Ofcom. 24 October 2019. p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "BBC's global reach "remains resilient"" (in British English). 2024-07-22. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
  8. ↑ "Telecompaper". Telecompaper. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
  9. ↑ Burke, Professor of Cultural History and Fellow of Emmanuel College Peter; Briggs, Asa; Burke, Peter (29 July 2005). A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (in Lungereza). Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3511-8. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  10. 1 2 "1950s British TV Milestones". Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  11. ↑ Moore, Martin (October 2004). "The Development of Communication Between the Government, the Media and the People in Britain, 1945–51" (PDF). The London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  12. ↑ Crisell, Andrew (1997). An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. Routledge. pp. 15, 26–27, 92. ISBN 0-415-12802-1.
  13. ↑ "Alexandra Palace – A History of the Palace". Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  14. ↑ "British TV Landmark Dates". Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  15. ↑ "Chronomedia: 1953". Chronomedia. Terra Media. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  16. ↑ "1950". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  17. ↑ Owens, Edward (2019). "'This time I was THERE taking part'". The Family Firm: monarchy, mass media and the British public, 1932–53. University of London Press. pp. 331–372. ISBN 978-1-909646-94-0. JSTOR j.ctvkjb3sr.12.
  18. ↑ "The BBC performs painful internal surgery". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  19. ↑ Snagge, AUTHOR: John. "Announcing from the inside". Transdiffusion (in British English). Archived from the original on 7 November 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
  20. ↑ "Obituary: Kenneth Kendall, newsreader and presenter". The Scotsman (in Lungereza). 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "Chronomedia: 1950". Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  22. ↑ "In pictures: Past Faces of Panorama". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
  23. ↑ Chignell, Hugh (2 September 2011). Public Issue Radio: Talks, News and Current Affairs in the Twentieth Century (in Lungereza). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24739-0.
  24. ↑ Tight, Malcolm (2012). Education for Adults (in Lungereza). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-68517-7. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  25. ↑ Chignell, Hugh (2011). "The Reinvention of Radio – The 1960s". In Chignell, Hugh (ed.). Public Issue Radio: Talks, News and Current Affairs in the Twentieth Century (in Lungereza). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 80–100. doi:10.1057/9780230346451_5. ISBN 978-0-230-34645-1.
  26. ↑ "BBC at Alexandra Palace < Alexandra Palace". Alexandra Palace (in British English). Retrieved 2025-10-16.
  27. ↑ "Nan Winton, the first woman to read the national news on BBC television". The Independent (in Lungereza). 30 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
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  31. ↑ "TV Ark: BBC News". Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  33. ↑ London This Week had started in early 1969 as a once per week "opt out" replacing the Friday edition of Town and Around "TV & Radio Bits: BBC South East: History". Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  34. ↑ "British TV History – Early Satellite Relays to/from Britain". Archived from the original on 10 May 2011.
  35. ↑ Farry, James; Kirby, David A. (2012). "The Universe will be televised: space, science, satellites and British television production, 1946–1969". History and Technology. 28 (3): 311–333. doi:10.1080/07341512.2012.722795. ISSN 0734-1512. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
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  37. ↑ "About BBC NEWS – Timeline of events – 1970s". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
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  40. ↑ "About BBC NEWS – Timeline of events – 1970s". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
  41. ↑ History of the BBC – key dates page 4 Template:Webarchive BBC Heritage 1970s.
  42. ↑ BAFTA awards 1981 Template:Webarchive British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
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  44. ↑ "RTS Hall of Fame – page 46" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
  45. ↑ BAFTA 1981 awards Template:Webarchive British Academy of Film and Television Arts Template:Webarchive.
  46. ↑ BAFTA 1982 – page 10 Template:Webarchive British Academy of Film and Television Arts (PDF).
  47. ↑ Barnes, Julian (25 February 2002), "The worst reported war since the Crimean" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian.
  48. ↑ Media & War – The Falklands Conflict Template:Webarchive Imperial War Museum.
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  50. 1 2 "Live Aid: The show that rocked the world" Template:Webarchive.
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  52. ↑ "Live Aid: Against All Odds: Episode 1". BBC. 7 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
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