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Ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Bwindi

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sign post Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda

Ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Bwindi

Ekkumiro lye'bisolo erya Bwindi

Ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP) liri mu bukiikakkono bw'amaserengeta ga Uganda. Ekkuumiro kitundu ku kibira kya Bwindi impenetrable era nga lisangibwa ku nsalo za Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC) okuliraana Virunga National Park ne ku nsonda ya Albertine Rift. Litudde ku bugazi bwa sikweya kkiromita 321 (124 sq mi) nga gombi ga bibira ebya montene ne lowland. Lisobola kuyitibwamu ku bigere kwokka. BINP yakakasibwa Ekitongole ki-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization- ng'ekifo kyobulambuzi.[1]

Ekkuumiro lirimu ebintu eby'enjawulo[2]. Lirimu ebisolo ebiyonsa ebiri mu 120, ebinyonyi 348, ebiwojjolo 220, ebikere 27, nnawolovu, amakonkome n'ebirala bingi ebyolekedde okusaanawo. Bwe kituuka ku bimera, ekkuumiro limu ku bibira erisingamu ebimera eby'enjawulo mu East Africa n'ebimera ebimulisa ebisukka mu 1,000, mu mulimu emiti 163 n'emiti egiggyako ebikoola mu musana 104. Mu bukiikaddyo ewasookerwa we wasangibwa emiti ekika kya Guineo-Congolian, omusangibwa ebika by'emiti bibiri ebyolekedde okusaanawo, nga bye bi brown mahogany ne Brazzeia longipedicellata. Okukwalira awamu, ekkuumiro lirina emiti nga egyo egisangibwa mu Albertine Rift.

Ekkuumiro lisangibwamu enkima, Kimpanze, n'ebinyonyi nga hornbills ne turacos. Limanyiddwa olw'amazike 400 era nga kitundu ku mazike ag'omu nsozi mu nsi yonna agoolekedde okusaanawo. Ebika by'ebibinja by'amazike g'ensozi 14 galambulwa abalambuzi mu bitundu ebina okuli Buhoma, Ruhijja, Rushaga ne Nkuringo mu disitulikiti omuli Kanungu, Kabale ne Kisoro nga byonna birabirirwa ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku bisolo mu ggwanga.

Ebyafaayo

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Ekkuumiro lya Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.
Ensalo z'ekkuumiro.

Mu 1932, ebiwayi by'ekibira Bwindi Impenetrable byatuumibwa Crown Forest Reserves. Ekiwayi ky'obukiikaddyo kyatuumibwa "Kayonza Crown Forest Reserve", n'eky'omu bukiikakkone ne kituumibwa "Kasatora Crown Forest Reserve"[3]. Amakuumiro gano omugatte gaali gatudde ku ssukweya kiromita 201 (80 sq mi). Mu1942, amakuumiro abiri gaagattibwa era ne gagaziyizibwa olwo ne lituumibwa Impenetrable Central Crown Forest.[4] Ekifo kino ekiggya kyali kitudde ku ssukweya kkiromita 298 (115 sq mi)[5] era nga lyali mu kulondoolwa okw'ekintabulo okw'ekitongole ky'amakuumiro n'ebibira[6].

Mu 1964, ekifo lyatuumimibwa ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo[7]:43 okusobola okukuuma amazike agaalimu olwo ne lituumibwa Impenetrable Central Forest Reserve. :43 mu1966, ebiwayi biri ebibiri byagattibwa ku kkuumiro ekkulu olwo ekifo ekkuumiro kwe litudde ne kyeyongera kumpi kutuuka ku ssukweya kkiromita 321 (124 sq mi).[8] Ekkuumiro lyagenda mu maaso n'okulabiriwa ekitongole ky'ebisolo n'eky'ebirira.[9]

Mu 1991, Impenetrable Central Forest Reserve,Mgahinga Gorilla Reserve ne Rwenzori Mountains Reserve,lyafuulibwa ekkuumiroly'ebisolo era ne lituumibwa Bwindi Impenetrable National Park[10].:233lyali litudde ku bunene bwa ssukweya kkiromita 330.8(127.7 sq mi).:43 Ekkuumiro lyateekebwawo ng'engeri y'okukuuma ebintu eby'enjawulo ebiririmu okusingira ddala amazike.Okuddamu okutulubawaza amakuumiro gano kyakosa bannakalanga ba Batwa, abaasengulwa mu kibira era nga baali tebakkirizibwa kuddamu kuyingira mu kkuumiro oba okufunayo ekintu kyonna.:8 Okunoonya amazike gwafuuka omulimu mu Kafuumuulamapwu wa 1993 era ekkuumiro ne lifuuka eky'obulambuzi ekimanyifu[11]. Mu !994, ekifo kya ssukwaya kkiromita 10 (3.9) kyagattibwa ku kkuumiro era ne liteekebwa ku lukakala lw'ebifo eby'obulambuzi munsi yonna. Obukulembeze ku kkuumiro bwakyuka: Uganda National Parks,okuva kw'olwo yakyusibwa erinnya n'efuuka Uganda Wildlife Authority,yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa ku kkuumiro. 8 mu 2003 ekitundu ky'ettaka okuliraana ekkuumiro ekya ssukwaya kkiromita 4.2 (1.6 sq mi) kyagulibwa era ne kigattibwa ku kkuumiro.

Mu gwokusatu gwa 1999, eggye lya Rwanda eryabantu 100-150 lyalumba ensalo ya DRC ne liwamba abalambuzi abagwira 14n'omulambisi waabwe omunnayuganda ku kitebe ky'ekkuumiro ekikulu, oluvannyuma baataako omukaaga ne batta abaasigakawo omunaana.. Abantu abamu baatulugunyizibwa era waakiri omukyala omu yakakibwa omukwano. Omulambisi omunnayuganda baamukuba gasoline ne bamukumako omuliro.[12] Olulumba lw'abayintahamwe kigambibwa nti lwali lgendereddwa kutabangula Uganda n'okutiisa abalambuzi okudda mu kkuumiro kikendeeze omusolo gwa gavumenti ya Uganda. Ekkumiro lyakakibwa okuggalawo okumala emyezi era n'obumanyifu bw'amzike bwakozebwa nnyo okumala emyezi wadde nga baddamu okujja olw'obutebenkevu mu kitundu. Omukuumi ow'emmundu naye kati awerekera buli kibinja ky'abalambuzi.[13]

Obutonde n'embeera y'obudde

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Ensozi za Bwindi


Kabale kye kibuga ekiri okumpi mu bukiikakkono bw'obugwanjuba bw'ekkuumiro,[14] mu buwanvu bw'oluguudo bwa kkiromita 29 (18 mi). Ekkuumiro likolebwa ebiwayi by'ebibira bibiri ebiyungibwa olukoloboze lw'ekibira. Empunda y'ekibira mukululo gw'obukulembeze obwasooka bwe bwataasa ebiwayi by'ebibira ebibiri mu 1932.[15] Waliwo ettaka ly'okulimako nga mu kusooka waaliwo emiti wabweru w'ensalo z'ekkuumiro. Okulima mu kitundu kutono.[16]


Obutonde bw'ekkuumiro bukolebwa; Precambrian shale phyllite, quartz, quartzite, schist, ne granite. Ekkuumiro liri ku nsonda ya Western Rift Valley mu bitundu ebisingayo okuba ebya wagulu mu nsozi za Kigezi ezaatondebwawo okwegunya kw'ensozi kwa Western Rift Valley.[17] Enkula y'ettaka yaalyo egabanyiziddwamu ebikko ebyesovvu ebyawulwa emigga n'obusozi obutumbiivu. Amadaala g'ekkuumi gava ku mmita 1,190 okutuuka ku 2,607. (3,904 okutuuka 8,553) n'okuggulu[18] era ebitundu 60 ku buli kikumi mu kkuumiro biri ku madala ga mmita 2,000 (6,600 ft) Eddaala erisingayo obuwanvu liyitibwa akasozi Rwamunyonyi ku nsonda y'obugwanjuba bw'ekkuumiro.Ekikko ky'ekkuumiro kiri mu bukiikaddyo bwalyo.[19]

Ekibira nsula y'amazzi ey'omugaso ennyo mu kitundu. Olw'okuba n'enkula etakkiriza mazzi kuyitamu nga okusinga amazzi gayita mu njatika, okuyingizibwa kw'amazzi kutono. Amakuumiro agasinga gafuna enkuba okuva ku mukka oguva ku mazzi nga n'ekibira kivaamu omukka ogumala. Ekibira nsibuko y'emigga mingi egikulukuta nga gigenda mu bukkikaddyo, buvanjuba ne mu bukiikakkono. Emigga emikulu mu kkuumiro gye gi Ivi, Munyaga,Ihihizo, Ishasha ne Ntengyere oguyiwa mu nyanja Edward. Emigga emirala egiyiwamu kuliko Mutanda ne Bunyonyi.[20] Bwindi ewa abalimi mu kitundu amazzi.[21]

Bwindi esangibwa mu kitundu ekinnyogovu.[22] Ebbugumu mu mwaka liba wakati wa 7 ku 15 °C (45 ku 59 °F) okutuuka ku 20 ku 27 °C (68 ku 81 °F). Enkuba efunibwa mu mwaka ebeera eka ku mmirimita 1,400 ku1,900 (55 to 75 in). Enkuba esinga kuba nnyingi mu Muzigo okutuuka mu Kafuumuulampawu n'okuva mu Mutunda okutuuka mu Museenene. Ekibira ekiri mu kkuumiro kikola omulimu munene nnyo okukuuma obutonde bw'ebitundu ebyetooloddewo. Ebbugumu eringi eriva mu kibira lyongera ku bungi bw'enkuba ebitundu ebiri wabweru w'ekkuumiro gye bifuna. Bikendeeza ku kukulugguka gw'ettaka nga kizibu kinene nnyo mu bukiikakkono bw'obuvanjuba bwa Uganda. Kikendeeka ku mataba wamu n'omukka oguvaamu okweyongera mu musana.[23]

Ebirimu

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Ekibira kya Bwindi Impenetrable

Ekibira Bwindi Impenetrable kigagga era kirimu ebintu bingi nnyo eby'enjawulo.[24] Kijjudde ebintu eby'enjawulo era kyafuuka ekifo kya UNESCO eky'obulambuzi olw'omugaso gwakyo eri obutonde. Mu bibira bya East Africa, Bwendi kye kisingamu emiti, obusolo obuyonsa obutono, ebinyonyi, ebiwojjolo n'ebisolo eby'ebigirigimb. Ekkuumiro okubeera n'ebintu ebingi kiva ku nkula yaalyo n'ebyo bye nnyini ebiririmu, oba olwokuba nga ekibira bwali buddukiro bw'ebisolo nga ensozi zitambula wamu.[25]

Ebibira by'ekkuumiro bya afromontane, ekifuula omuddo gwamwo okuba nga tegulabika nnyo ku lukalu lw'omuddugavu. Bisangibwa emiseetwe n'ensozi we bisisinkanira,[26] waliwo ebibira ebiri kbbanga eppanvu okuva mu bbanga wamu n'ebyo ebiri okumpi n'ebbanga. Ekibira kirina ebika by'emiti ebisukka mu 220, okusinga 50% ku mitin egiri mu Uganda n'okusinga ebika bya fern 100. Brown mahogany kye kika ky'emiti ekisinga okuyigganyizibwa mu kibira.[27]

Ekkuumiro ya Bwindi Impenetrable kkuumiro ddungi erya afromontane fauna, naddala ebika ebitali mu Western Rift Valley's mountains.[28] Ligambibwa nti lirirna ekitundu kya faunal ekisinga obungi mu East Africa omuli ebinyonyi ebisinga 350 wamu n'ebiwojjolo ebisinga 200.[29] Kiteeberezebwa nti waliyo ebisolo ebiyonsa ebisukka 120 nga 10 bisolo binene wamu ne 45 nga busolo butono. Wamu n'amazike g'ensozi, ebiri mu kibira mulimu Kimpanze, enkima enkeru, enjovu, African green broadbill, ne cream-banded swallowtail, black ne white colobus, enkima ez'emikira emimyufu, ebikerer ebinene, n'obugabi obutono. Ebyennyanja ebiri mu nnyanja tebimanyiddwa bulungi. Waliwo ebibirya bingi nga side-striped jackal, Kkapa , and African civet .

Amazike g'omu nsozi

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Ezzike ly'omu nsozi mu kkuumiro. juvenile mountain gorilla in the park.

Ekkuumiro lirimu amazike g'omu nsozi agasukka mu 600 naddala agayitibwa Gorilla beringei beringei nga gano kumpi kitundu ky'amazike agali mu nsi. Ekitundu ky'amazike ekisigadde ekirala kibeera okuliraana ensozi Virunga. Okubalibwa kw'obungi bw'amazike okwakolebwa mu 2006 kwalaga nti amazike gaali geeyongeredde ddala okuava ku 300 ebyaliwo mu 1997 okutuuka ku 320 mu 2002 ne 340 mu 2006[30] ne 400 mu 2018. Okuyigga, endwadde n'ebisolo ebirala biyigganya nnyo amazike.[31]

Okunoonyerza kulaga nti Bwindi y'eddirira ekkuumiro lya Virunga mu bungi bw'ebisolo. naye okunoonyereza okwasooka ku mazike ga Bwindi kwakolebwa Craig Stanford. Okunoonyereza kwalaga nti amazike ga bwindi galya nnyo ebibala okusinga ag'omu Virunga era nga ago aga Bwindi galinnya nnyo emiti okulya foliage, ebibala ne epiphytes. mu biseera ebimu enya y'amazike ga bwindi efaanako eya Kimpanze eza Bwindi. kyazuulibwa nti amazike ga bwindi gatambula nnyo okusinga aga virunga naddala ku nnaku za galiirako ebibala ebitali mmere. Amazike gaagala nnyo okuzimba ebisu byago mu miti.

Amazike g'omu nsozi bintu ebiyiggannyizibwa n'omuwendo ogusuubirwa okuba 650. Tewali mazike gali mu buwambe naye mu myaka gya 1960 ne mu myaka gya 1970 agamu gaakwatibwa ne gatandika okulundibwa.[32]

Enkuuma

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Omukuumi w'amazike mu kkuumiro.

Ekkuumiro lya Uganda Wildlife Authority, ekitongole kya gavumenti. Ekkuumiro likuumibwa newankubadde abantu abaliraanyeewo basobola okukozesa ku bintu by'ekkuumiro.[33]

Ekifo ekisalagana n'ekkuumiro kirimu abantu bangi okusinga abantu 300 buli ssukweya kkiromita. Abamu ku bantu ababeera mu kitundu kino be basinga obwavu mu uganda. Abantu abangi n'ennima embi biteeka obuzibu ku kibira kya Bwindiera nga bya bulabe eri ekkuumiro. Ebitundu kyenda ku buli kikumi balima bintu bya kulibwa waka era nga okulima y'emu ku ngeri entono ez'okuggyamu ensimbi.[34]

Oluvannyuma lwa Bwindi okutongoza ekifo kyayo mu 1991, Ekifo kyafuulibwa ekkuumiro era n'amateeka ku lukusa lw'okutuuka mu kifo kino ne gateekebwawo era ne gateekebwa mu nkola.[35] Abantu ba bulijjo bayigga, baasima ebyobugagga, baasala emiti n'okulunda enjuki mu kkuumiro. Lyafuulibwa ekkuumiro mu 1991 lyaliri ririna ebintu eby'enjawulo. Okutongoza ekkuumiro kyawa ekkuumiro ebukuumi obwa waggulu. Ebitongole bya gavumenti byayongera ombukuumi n'okutaasa ekkuumiro. Abantu abaliraanye ekkuumiro baakomezebwa okutuuka mu kkuumiro. Okugaanyibwa okutuuka mu kkuumiro kyaleetawo obugulumbo n'obukuubagano mu bantu aba bulijjo n'abatwala ekkuumiro. Ba Batwa abaali beesigamye ennyo ku kibira baakosebwa nnyo, Baavubanga, Baakungulanga amayuuni g'omu nsiko n'omubisi gw'enjuki era baalina obutaka bwa bajjajjaabwe mu kkuumiro. Nga oggyeko ba Batwa okukaayanira okukaayanira ebyafaayo byabwe n'obwannannyini ku ttaka n'okuba nga baali babadde mu kitundu okubala ebayasa nga teboonoonye butonde bwa kitundu, Tebaaganyulwa mu nteekateeka z'oku kuliyirirwa nga basenguddwa. Abantu abataali ba batwa abaali batemye ekibira okulimirawo baaliyirirwa. Abantu baafiirwa ebirime n'ebisolo era waliwo n'abantu abaafa. Okubeerawo kw'amazike okusobola okutumbula obulambuzi kyayongera ku bulabe eri ebintu by'abantu kuba okutya kwago eri abantu kwali kukendedde.[36]

Obulambuzi

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Abalambuzi bayinza okuyalira ekkuumiro obudde bwonna mu mwaka, lwakuba embeera ebeera nzibu nnyo mu kkuumiro mu biseera by'enkuba. Ekkuumiro liri mu kyalo era n'amakubo gali mu mbeera mbi. Ebisulo by'abalambuzi kuliko loogi, ttenti, n'ennyumba z'abantu ezisangibwa okumpi ne wankaaki wa Buhoma.[37]

Eddwaliro lya Bwindi liwa obujjanjabi abantu 40,000 n'abalambuzi abakyalayo.

Ekifo ewasangibwa amazike kye kisinga okuleeta abalambuzi era kireeta omusolo mungi eri Uganda Wildlife Authority. Abantu abaagala okulaba amazike balina okusooka okufuna olukusa. Ebika by'amazike ebisinga bisobola okubeera n'abantu era n'ennamba y'abalambuzi etangirwa nnyo okwewala obutyabaga n'amazike n'okusaanyawo ebisulo byago. Kampuni z'abalambuzi eziwerako zifuna obukonge bw'abalambuzi abaagala okulaba amazike mu Bwindi. Amazike go ge nnyini gaddamu abalambuzi. Waliwo amateeka okwewala abantu okusiiga amazike endwadde. Uganda , Rwanda ne Democratic repubilc of congo z'ensi zokka kye kisoboka okulambula amazike g'ensozi. Okulambuzibwa okuyita mu kibira kuzingiramu ebiriyiriro, enkima n'ebinyonyi.[38]

Osobola okulaba ne

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  • Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation — a forest research institute in the park.
  • Ekibira kya Bwindi: Ekibira kya Bwindi
  • Forests of Uganda
  • Tropical rainforests ecoregions
  • Website ya Bwindi: Ebikwata ku Kkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Bwindi

Ebijuliziddwa

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  1. ↑ Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site listing
  2. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  3. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  4. ↑ Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  5. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  6. ↑ Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  7. ↑ Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2). Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2).
  8. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  9. ↑ Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2). Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2).
  10. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  11. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  12. ↑ "A brief history of IGCP". International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  13. ↑ "Court finds Rwandan guilty of murdering tourists 7 years ago". IRIN. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006-01-09. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  14. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  15. ↑ Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  16. ↑ Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  17. ↑ Gurrieri, Joe; Jason Gritzner; Mike Chaveas. "Virunga – Bwindi Region: Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Gurrieri, Joe; Jason Gritzner; Mike Chaveas. "Virunga – Bwindi Region: Republic of Rwanda, Republic of Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  18. ↑ Eilu, Gerald; Joseph Obua (2005). "Tree condition and natural regeneration in disturbed sites of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, southwestern Uganda". Tropical Ecology. 46 (1): 99–111. Eilu, Gerald; Joseph Obua (2005). "Tree condition and natural regeneration in disturbed sites of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, southwestern Uganda". Tropical Ecology. 46 (1): 99–111.
  19. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  20. ↑ Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  21. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  22. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  23. ↑ Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  24. ↑ Blomley, Tom (2003). "Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwestern Uganda" (PDF). In Peter A. Castro, Erik Nielsen (ed.). Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) Blomley, Tom (2003). "Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwestern Uganda" (PDF). In Peter A. Castro, Erik Nielsen (ed.). Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  25. ↑ Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Lanjouw, Annette (2001). "Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management for Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region". Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  26. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  27. ↑ IUCN/WCMC (1994). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Summary Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) (PDF). p. 51. IUCN/WCMC (1994). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Summary Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) (PDF). p. 51.
  28. ↑ IUCN/WCMC (1994). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Summary Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) (PDF). p. 51.IUCN/WCMC (1994). World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Summary Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) (PDF). p. 51.
  29. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  30. ↑ "Mountain Gorilla Population Rebounds in Uganda". LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-03. "Mountain Gorilla Population Rebounds in Uganda". LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  31. ↑ "About IGCP". International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "About IGCP". International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  32. ↑ "About IGCP". International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "About IGCP". International Gorilla Conservation Programme. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  33. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Protected Areas and World Heritage. United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  34. ↑ Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08. Korbee, Dorien (March 2007). "Environmental Security in Bwindi: A focus on farmers" (PDF). Institute for Environmental Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  35. ↑ Blomley, Tom (2003). "Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwestern Uganda" (PDF). In Peter A. Castro, Erik Nielsen (ed.). Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) Blomley, Tom (2003). "Natural resource conflict management: the case of Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, southwestern Uganda" (PDF). In Peter A. Castro, Erik Nielsen (ed.). Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  36. ↑ Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2). Namara, Agrippinah (June 2006). "From Paternalism to Real Partnership with Local Communities? Experiences from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda)". Africa Development. XXXI (2).
  37. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park". Uganda Wildlife Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park". Uganda Wildlife Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  38. ↑ "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park". Uganda Wildlife Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-07-08. "Bwindi Impenetrable National Park". Uganda Wildlife Authority. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
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