Zambia

Zambia

Sovereign state, republic, landlocked country, country

Part of	• Afirika  • Southern Africa
Inception	24 Gwakkumi(Mukulukusabitungotungo) 1964
Life expec­tan­cy	61.874 year
Named after	Zambezi River
Official language	Lungereza
Anthem	Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free
Culture	culture of Zambia
Continent	Afirika
Egwanga	Zambia
Capital	Lusaka
Located in time zone	UTC+02:00, Africa/Lusaka
Located in/on physical feature	Southern Africa, East Africa, Central Africa
Coor­di­na­te location	14°0′0″S 28°0′0″E
Coor­di­na­tes of geog­rap­hic center	13°8′2″S 27°50′57″E
Coor­di­na­tes of eas­tern­most point	10°34′4″S 33°42′34″E
Coor­di­na­tes of nort­hern­most point	8°16′30″S 30°25′44″E
Coor­di­na­tes of sout­hern­most point	18°4′33″S 26°41′37″E
Geoshape	link
Highest point	Mafinga Central
Lowest point	Zambezi River
Basic form of govern­ment	presidential system, representative democracy
Office held by head of state	President of Zambia
Head of state	Hakainde Hichilema
Office held by the head of govern­ment	President of Zambia
Head of govern­ment	Edgar Lungu
Executive body	Cabinet of Zambia
Legis­la­ti­ve body	National Assembly
Central bank	Bank of Zambia
Mar­ria­geab­le age	25 years old
Obunji bw'abantu	19,610,769
Male popu­la­tion	9,066,397, 9,338,613, 9,609,004, 9,877,642
Female popu­la­tion	9,314,079, 9,589,102, 9,864,121, 10,140,033
Currency	Zambian Kwacha
Nominal GDP	29,784,454,056 United States dollar
Human Deve­lop­ment Index	0.565
Ine­qua­lity-adju­sted Human Deve­lop­ment Index	0.390
Unemp­loy­ment rate	13±1 %
Shares border with	Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Angola, Botswana
Foun­da­tio­nal text	Constitution of Zambia
Driving side	left
Mains voltage	230 volt
Elect­ri­cal plug type	Europlug, AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types, BS 1363
Replaces	Northern Rhodesia
Area	752,618±1 km²
Top-level Internet domain	.zm
Flag	flag of Zambia
Coat of arms	coat of arms of Zambia
Geography of topic	Geography of Zambia
Has cha­rac­te­ris­tic	partly free country
Economy of topic	economy of Zambia
Demog­rap­hics of topic	demographics of Zambia
Gini coef­fi­cient	57.1
VAT rate	16 %
Total fertility rate	5.353
Urban popu­la­tion	8,100,644, 8,447,250, 8,800,295, 9,160,288
Democracy Index	4.86
Birth rate	35.462, 34.953, 34.511, 34.127
Death rate	6.571, 6.602, 6.973, 6.716
Happy Planet Index score	34.4
Com­mon­wealth Sport country code	ZAM
Mobile country code	645
Telephone country code	+260
Emergency phone number	999, 911, 112, 991, 992, 993
Vehicle regist­ra­tion plate code	Z
Maritime iden­ti­fi­ca­tion digits	678

Zambia ggwanga mu Afirika elitasalagana n'amazzi mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa. Mu butongole eyitibwa Republic of Zambia, nsi er mu Masekkati ga Africa. Esalagana ensalo n'ensi okuli Congo mu Bukiikakkono, Tanzania mu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba, Malawi mu Buvanjuba, Mozambique mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, Zimbabwe ne Botswana mu Bukiikaddyo, Namibia mu Bukiikaddyobwobuggwanjuba ne Angola mu Buggwanjuba. Ekibuga ekikulu ekya Zambia kiyitibwa Lusaka nga kino kisangibwa mu Masekkati g'Obukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abantu abasinga bawangalira okwetoloola Lusaka mu Bukiikaddyo n'essaza lye Province mu Bukiikakkono ebitundu ebikulu eby'enfuna ya Zambia.

Mu kusooka yali yajjuzibwa abantu abayitibwa Aba Khoisan, ekitundu kino ky'akosebwa olw'ogaziwa kw'abantu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminessatu. Oluvannyuma lw'okulambula kw'abazungu mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminoomunaana, Obwakabaka bwa Bungerea bwatandiika okunyweza obuyinza mu kitundu kino oluvannyuma lw'okulangirira okwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1890 bwe baali bakaayana n'aba Potigo abaali bakaayanira ekitundu kya Angola ne Mozambique mu 1885. Bungereza yakola amatwale g'ayo mu Barotziland mu Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba bwa Rhodesia n'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bwa Rhodesia okutuukira ddala mu kyaasa eky'ekkuminomwenda. Zino zatondebwa mu 1911 okukola Obukiikakkono bwa Rhodesia. Ebiseera byonna eby'obukulembeze bw'amatwale, Zambia yali ekulemberwa omuntu eyali yalondebwa Bungereza wakati mu kuwabulwa kwa British South Africa Company. Nga 24 Ogwomwenda 1964, Zambia yafuuka Eggwanga ery'etongodde okuva ku Bungereza, ne Ssabaminisita Kenneth Kaunda yalayizibwa ku bwa Pulezidenti. Ekibiina kya Kaunda ekya United National Independence Party (UNIP) ky'ekuumira mu buyinza okuva mu 1964 okutuusa mu 1991, ng'akola emirimu gy'obukulembeze, okukuuma enkolagana ne America ng'enkola ey'okukomya obutabanguko mu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo (Zimbabwe), Angola ne Namibia. Okuva mu 1972 kutuusa mu 1991, Zambia yalimu ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi kimu kyokka ekya UNIP nga kirina engombo ya "Zambia emu, Eggwanga ery'awamu" eyatandikibwawo Kaunda. Okugoberera enkola y'okugunjaawo ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebirala mu Zambia mu 1990, Kaunda yawangulwa mu kulonda kw'abonna okwaliwo mu 1991. Okuva kw'olwo, Zambia ebadde ekyusa obukulembeze mu mirembe awatali kusika muguwa.

Ebyobugagga eby'omuttaka mu Zambia mulimu eby'obugagga eby'omuttaka, ebisolo by'omunsiko, ebibira, amazzi agataliimu munnyo n'ettaka eggimu eririmibwako. Okusinziira ku kuteebereza okwakolebwa mu 2018, abantu 47.9% baali mu bwavu obw'engeri ez'enjawulo. Akatale ak'awamu ak'omu Buvanjuba n'Obukiikaddyo bwa Africa (COMESA) kalina ekitebe ky'ako e Lusaka.

Ensibuko

Ekitundu kya Zambia kyali kimanyiddwa nga "Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono" okuva mu 1911 okutuuka mu 1964. Kyakyusibwa erinnya ne lifuuka "Zambia" mu Gwomwenda 1964 bwe yafuna obwetwaze okuva ku Bangereza. Erinnya "Zambia" liva mu mugga Zambezi (Zambezi eyinza okutegeeza "omugga omukulu").

Obutonde bw'ayo

Zambia nsi etasalagana n'annyanja zi ssemayanja mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa ng'erina embeera y'obudde ey'ekitundu ekirimu ebbugumu, era ng'esinga kubaamu obusozi obuwanvu obuwulwa n'ebiwonko by'emigga. Ku bwagaagavu bwa kilomita 752,614 (290,586 sq mi), ensi eno ekwata kifo kya 39 mu mawanga agasinga obunene mu nsi yonna.

Zambia esalibwako emigga ebiri eminene: omugga Zambezi/Kafue mu Makkati, e Bugwanjuba, n'Obukiikaddyo nga bikwata ebitundu nga bisatu ku buli kikumi eky'eggwanga; n'omugga Congo mu Bukiikakkono nga bikwata ebitundu nga kimu kyakuna ku ggwanga. Ekitundu mu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba kikola ekitundu ku mugga ogw'omunda ogwa Lake Rukwa mu Tanzania.

Mu kitundu kya Zambezi basin, mulimu emigga egikulukuta mu bujjuvu oba mu bitundu nga giyita mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, ne Zambezi, egikulukuta okwetoloola mu ggwanga mu Bugwanjuba ate oluvannyuma n'efuuka ensalo yaayo ey'omu Bukiikaddyo ne Namibia, Botswana, ne Zimbabwe. Ensibuko yaayo eri mu Zambia era n'eyita mu Angola, era nga n'obutundutundu obugiyiwa bugiyiwa mu Angola. Omugga gwa Cuando gukola ensalo zaagwo mu Bukiikaddyobwobugwanjuba bwa Zambia n'okuyita ku mugga Chobe.

Ebiri ku migga egisinga obuwanvu era obunene mu Zambezi, Kafue ne Luangwa, gikulukutira mu Zambia. Weegattira ku Zambezi eri ku nsalo ne Zimbabwe mu Chirundu ne mu kibuga Luangwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Nga tezinnegattira ku Zambezi, omugga Luangwa guyisa ekitundu ku nsalo ya Zambia ne Mozambique. Okuva mu kibuga Luangwa, Zambezi eva mu Zambia n'ekulukuta mu Mozambique, era oluvannyuma n'egatta ku Mozambique Channel.

Mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia olusozi olugazi oluli wakati w'omugga Zambezi n'ebiwonvu by'ennyanja Tanganyika lwe wunzikidde mu Bukiikakkono, era bwe kityo ne lulinnya mpola mpola okuva ku mita 900 (fuuti 3,000) mu Bukiikaddyo okutuuka ku mita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) mu Masekkati, okutuuka ku mita 1,800 (fuuti 5,900) mu Bukiikakkono okumpi ne Mbala. Ebitundu bino eby'olusozi olugazi muBukiikakkono bwa Zambia bikoleddwa ekitongole kya World Wildlife Fund nga ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.

Olusenyi lwa Luangwa lusalamu olusenyi luno mu nsonda ey'Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba okutuukira ddala mu Bukiikaddyobwobuvanjuba, nga lweyongerayo mu Bugwanjuba okutuuka mu makkati g'olusenyi luno olw'amaanyi olwa Mugga Lunsemfwa. Obusozi n'ensozi bisangibwa ku mabbali g'ebitundu ebimu eby'olusenyi luno, omuli mu Obukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba bw'olusenyi lwa Nyika (2,200 metres oba 7,200 feet) ku nsalo ya Malawi, nga lugendera ddala okutuuka mu nsozi za Zambia eza Mafinga.

Embeera y'obudde

Zambia esangibwa ku plateau ya Afirika ow'omu masekkati, wakati wa mmita 1,000 ne 1,600 (fuuti 3,300 ne 5,200) waggulu w'ennyanja. Obuwanvu obw'okutwaliza awamu bwa mmita 1,200 (fuuti 3,900) kiwa ettaka embeera y'obudde ey'ekigero. Embeera y'obudde eya Zambia ya bbugumu, ng'ekyusibwamu obuwanvu. Mu kika kya Köppen eky'embeera y'obudde, ekitundu ekisinga obunene mu ggwanga kibalibwa nga humid subtropical (Cfa) oba tropical wet and dry (Aw), nga mulimu obutundutundu obw'ekika kya semi-arid steppe climate (BSh) mu bugwanjuba bw'amaserengeta ne mu kiwonvu kya Zambezi.

Sizoni ebbiri ezisinga obunene ze sizoni y'enkuba (Ogwekkuminogumu okutuuka mu Gwokuna) ekwatagana n'ekyeeya, ne sizoni ey'ekyeya (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Ogwekkuminogumu), ekwatagana n'obutiti. Ekiseera ky'ekyeya kigabanyizibwamu ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu obunnyogovu (Ogwokutaano/Ogwomukaaga okutuuka mu Gwomunaana), n'ekitundu ky'ekyeya ekirimu ebbugumu (Ogwomwenda okutuuka mu Gwekkumi/Gwekkuminogumu).

Obutonde

Mu 2015, Zambia yategeezebwa okuba n’ebika by’ebisolo ebiri mu 12,505 ebimanyiddwa: ebitundu 63% ebika by’ebisolo, 33% ebika by’ebimera n’ebitundu 4% ebika by’obuwuka obuleeta endwadde n’obuwuka obulala obusirikitu.

Waliwo ebika by'ebimuli eby'omu nsiko ebiteeberezebwa okuba nga biri 3,543, nga muno mulimu ebimera ebiyitibwa sedges, ebimera eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera. Ebitundu by'omu Bukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba bw'eggwanga birina ebika by'ebimuli eby'enjawulo. Ebimera ebitali bimu eby'omu nsiko n'ebimera eby'omuti bisangibwa mu bitundu by'eggwanga ebitali bimu.

Omugatte gwa 242 ebisolo bisangibwa mu ggwanga, ng’ebisinga obungi biba mu bibira n’entobazi. Entugga ey'ekika kya Rhodesian ne Kafue lechwe bye bimu ku bika ebimu ebisangibwa mu Zambia mwokka..

Ebyafaayo

Ebyafaayo eby'edda

Amagumba g'ebisigalira by'omutwe gw'omuntu ow'e Broken Hill (era amanyiddwa nga Kabwe Man), nga gaakazuulibwa wakati w'emyaka 300,000 ne 125,000 egyayita, kiraga nti ekitundu ekyo kyali kibaddemuko abantu mu biseera by'edda.[1] Omuntu ow'e Broken Hill yazuulibwa mu Zambia mu Disitulikiti Kabwe.

Khoisan ne Batwa

Ebiwandiiko by'oku mayinja ebya Graffitied mu mpuku ya Nsalu, mu Kasanka National Park mu North-Central Zambia

Zambia yali etuuliddwamu abantu ba Khoisan ne Batwa okutuusa awo nga AD 300, abantu abava mu ubu lwaba Bantu abaali batambula nga bava mu bitundu ebirala bwe baatandika okubeera mu bitundu ebyo. Kikkirizibwa nti abantu ba Khoisan baava mu Buvanjuba bwa Africa ne basaasaanira mu bitundu ebirala okwetooloola ensi yonna emyaka nga 150,000 egiyise. Abantu ba Twa baayawulwamu mu bibinja bibiri: Abantu ba Kafwe Twa baabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu kya Kafue Flats ate abantu ba Lukanga Twa abaabeeranga okumpi n'ekiwonvu ky'olutobazi lwa Lukanga. Ebyokulabirako bingi eby'ebifaananyi by'oku mayinja mu Zambia, gamba nga Mwela Rock Paintings, Mumbwa Caves, ne Nachikufu Cave, bigambibwa nti byakubibwa abayizzi abaasooka okuyigga nga bava mu bitundu ebirala.

Olubu lwa Bantu

Ebyafaayo ebyasooka eby'abantu b'e Zambia bisengekebwa okuva mu biwandiiko by'abantu, eby'omu ttaka, n'ebiwandiiko ebyawandiikibwa abantu abatali Bafirika.

Ensibuko y’Abantu

Abavubi abatonga mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Zambia. Abakyala bazannye era beeyongera okuzannya omulimu omukulu era omunene mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi.

Ba Bantu basooka kubeera mu Buggwanjuba n'Amasekkati ga Africa mu kaseera kano agamanyikiddwa nga Cameroon ne Nigeria. Kumpi kati emyaka 5000 egiyise, baatandiika okweyongerayo okusaasaana mu Africa. Ekikolwa kino y'atuumibwa Okugaziwa k'wab'olubu lwa Bantu.Abantu b’omu Bantu bateeberezebwa okuba nga be baasooka okuleeta tekinologiya w’okukola ebyuma mu bitundu bya Afirika bingi. Okusaasaana kw’abantu b’omu Bantu kwatandikira mu makubo abiri: ak’Obugwanjuba nga kayita mu kibira kya Congo n’ak’eBuvanjuba nga kayita mu mawanga ag’enjawulo aga Afirika.

Ba Bantu gye basooka okubeera

Ba Bantu abasooka babeera nga mu byalo. Baali tebalina bakulembeze okugeza bassaabataka era baakoleranga wamu era bayambagananga mu kuteekateeka ebimera byaabwe. Ebyalo byasengulwanga singa ettaka ly'abanga telikyazza bimera olw'engeri gye baali balimamu. Abantu bano baali balunzi b'ante.

Ebyalo bya ba Bantu mu Zambiz byali byemalirira. Abaminsani abatuukira mu bitundu bino balaba okwetengerera n'obumalirivu bw'abantu abaali bawangalira mu bitundu bino. Omu ku baminsani bano yagamba: "[Bwe] wabaawo ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebikozesebwa awaka ebiba byetaagibwa, [Omutonga] agenda mu nsozi n'asima okutuusa lw'azuula ekyuma. Akiyungula era n'ekyuma kino ky'afunye akozesa okukola amafumu, enkumbi, n'ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa. Ayokya enku n'akola amanda g'akozesa mu kuyisaamu ebyuma. Ebikozesebwa okufuuwa omuliro bikolebwa mu ddiba ly'ensolo era emiyungiro gya ttayiro, era n'ekyuma n'ebikompola nabyo bitundu by'ebyuma by'afunye. Akola ebibumbe, ayokya ebyuma, abikola mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, era akola emirimu gyonna egy'omukozi w'ebyuma owa bulijjo". Ebyamaguzi ebyatundibwanga mu kibuga ekikulu ekya Ingombe Ilede mwalimu engoye, obusero, zzaabu, n'obukuufu. Ekifo kino kyennyini kisangibwa ku mukutu gw'omugga Zambezi n'omugga Lusitu, ekikifuula ekifo ekirungi eky'okukoleramu ebyamaguzi eby'okutunda ewala. Abatuuze baaleetanga ebintu okuva mu kifo ekiriwo kati eky'omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Democratic Republic of Congo ne Kilwa Kisiwani ng'ate ebirala byavanga wala nnyo nga mu Buyindi, China ne mu nsi z'Abawalabu. Abasuubuzi b'omu kitundu baagattibwako Abaportuguezi mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga.

Okusenga kw'aba Bantu okw'okubiri

Abantu ab'omu Bantu abasengukira e Zambia omulundi ogw'okubiri baali bantu abagambibwa okuba nga baakwata ekkubo ery'eBugwanjuba ery'okutambula kw'abantu ab'omu Bantu okuyita mu Congo Basin. Abantu bano ab'omu Bantu baamala ebbanga eddene mu bulamu bwabwe nga bali mu ekyo ekyaddirira Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ebibuga mu Luba-Lunda

Ababemba, awamu n'ebibinja ebirala ebikwatagana nga Abalamba, Ababisa, Abasenga, Abakonde, Abaswaka, Abankoya, n'Abasoli, baakola ebitundu ebikulu eby'Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu Upemba ekitundu kya Democratic Republic of Congo era balina enkolagana ey'amaanyi n'abantu ba Luba. Ekitundu Obwakabaka bwa Luba mwe bwali bufugira, kibaddemu abalimi abasooka n'abakola ebyuma okuva mu myaka gya 300 C.E.

Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, ebitundu bino byayiga okukozesa obutimba n’ebiso, okukola amaato agaasimibwanga mu miti, okusima emikutu mu ntobazi n’okukola ebbibiro nga liwanvu okutuuka ku mita 2.5 (fuuti 8 inchi 2). N’ekyavaamu, baakulaakulanya ebyenfuna eby’enjawulo nga batunda ebyennyanja, ekikomo n’ebintu ebikoleddwa mu kyuma n’omunnyo okufuna ebyamaguzi okuva mu bitundu bya Afirika ebirala, gamba ng’okuva ku mwalo gwa Swahili n’oluvannyuma, Abaportugali. Okuva mu bitundu bino mwe mwava Obwakabaka bwa Luba mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’ena.

Obwakabaka bwa Luba bwali bwakabaka bunene nga bulina gavumenti eya wakati n'obukulembeze obutonotono obwetengeredde. Bwalina obusuubuzi obw'amaanyi obwagatta ebibira mu Congo Basin n'ebifo eby'obugagga bw'omu ttaka ebiri mu plateaus ez'obugagga bw'ekikomo eziri mu Copperbelt Province leero era ne zituuka okuva ku mwalo ogwa Atlantic okutuuka ku mwalo ogwa Indian Ocean. Eby'emikono nabyo byassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa mu bwakabaka, era abakugu mu by'emikono bassibwamu nnyo ekitiibwa.

Mu kitundu kye kimu eky'Obukiikaddyo bwa Congo, abantu ba Lunda baafuulibwa ekitundu ky'obwakabaka bwa Luba era ne bakkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu bukiikaddyo. Okusinziira ku nfumo z'obuzaale bwa Lunda, omuyizzi Omuluba ayitibwa Chibinda Ilunga, mutabani wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, yaleeta mu Lunda enkola y'obufuzi eya Luba era n'akkiriza engeri z'obuwangwa bwa Luba n'obufuzi, bwe batyo ne bafuuka Obwakabaka bwa Lunda mu Bukiikaddyo.

Abalunda, okufaananako eggwanga lyabwe erya Luba, nabo baakolanga eby'obusuubuzi n'amawanga agali ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja, Atlantic ne Indian. Wadde nga Mwaant Yaav Naweej yali ataddewo eby'obusuubuzi okutuuka ku lubalama lwa Ssemayanja Atlantic era n'atandikawo enkolagana ey'obutereevu n'abasuubuzi b'omu Bulaaya abaali baagala okufuna abaddu n'ebintu ebiva mu bibira era nga bafuga n'eby'obusuubuzi bya Koppa mu kitundu ekyo, era nga n'ebitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Mweru byali bitadde obukwakkulizo ku by'obusuubuzi n'ennyanja.

Amawanga ga Luba-Lunda oluvannyuma gaakendeera olw'okutunda abaddu mu Atlantic mu Bugwanjuba ne mu Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean mu Buvanjuba ne mu ntalo n'ebibinja ebyali byawuddwa ku bwakabaka. Aba Chokwe, ekibinja ekirina oluganda olw'okumpi ne Luvale era ne kitondebwawo ng'eggwanga lya Lunda satellite, mu kusooka gaakosebwa olw'obwetaavu bwabaddu eri Abazungu, naye bwe baawukana ku bwakabaka, bo bennyini baafuuka batunzi ba baddu abamanyiddwa ennyo, nga batunda abaddu ku mbalama zombi.

Abachokwe oluvannyuma baawangulwa amawanga amalala n'Abaportugali. Obutali butebenkevu buno bwaviirako okugwa kw'obwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'abantu okusaasaanira mu bitundu bya Zambia eby'enjawulo okuva mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Abazambia abasinga obungi balina obuzaale mu bwakabaka bwa Luba-Lunda n'obwakabaka obulala obuli mu Masekkati ga Afirika.

Mu myaka gya 1200, ng’eggwanga lya Luba-Lunda terinnatandikibwawo, ekibinja ky’aba Bantu baatandika okusenguka okuva mu Congo Basin okudda ku Nnyanja Mweru ate oluvannyuma ne basenga okumpi n’ennyanja Malawi. Abasenze bano balowoozebwa okuba nga baali abamu ku bantu abaali babeera mu kitundu ky’e Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu myaka gya 1400, ebibinja by’abasenze bano awamu baayitibwanga Maravi, era nga mu bo mwalimu Abachewa abaatandika okukoppa ebibinja by’aba Bantu nga Tumbuka.

Mu 1480 Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwatandikibwawo kalonga (omukulu w'obwakabaka bwa Maravi) okuva mu kika kya Phiri, kimu ku bika ebikulu, ng'ebirala mulimu Banda, Mwale ne Nkhoma. Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwali buva ku Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati. Enkulaakulana y'ebyobufuzi ey'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi yali efaanana ey'Obwakabaka bwa Luba era kigambibwa nti bwavaayo. Ekyamaguzi ekikulu eky'Obwakabaka bwa Maravi kyali amasanga, agaatundibwanga okuyita mu Mozambique leero okutuuka e Zambia n'ebitundu bya Malawi eby'omu Masekkati.

Ekyuma nakyo kyakolebwanga era ne kitundibwa mu nsi endala. Mu myaka gya 1590, Abapotigo baagezaako okweddiza eby'obusuubuzi n’okutunda Maravi mu nsi endala. Okugezaako kuno kwaleetawo obusungu mu Maravi ab’e Lundu, abaasumulula eggye lyabwe erya WaZimba. WaZimba baalumba ebibuga by’Abapotigo eby’obusuubuzi nga Tete, Sena n’ebibuga ebirala bingi.

Abamaravi nabo bateeberezebwa okuba nga baaleeta obulombolombo obwandifuuse ekibiina kya Nyau eky'ekyama okuva e Upemba. Aba Nyau be bakola ku nzikiriza oba eddiini y'obuwangwa ey'abantu b'omu Maravi. Ekibiina kya Nyau kirimu okuzina okw'obulombolombo n'obukookolo obukozesebwa mu kuzina; enzikiriza eno yasaasaana okwetooloola ekitundu.

Obwakabaka bwa Maravi bwakendeera olw'enkaayana ezikwata ku busika mu mukago, okulumbibwa Ngoni n'okulumba abaddu okuva mu Yao.

Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa ne Mfecane

Ng'Obwakabaka bwa Great Zimbabwe bwali bukendedde, omu ku balangira baabwo, Nyatsimba Mutota, yava mu ggwanga n'atandikawo obwakabaka obupya obuyitibwa Mutapa. Ekitiibwa kya Mwene Mutapa, ekitegeeza "Omulumbaganyi w'Ensi", kyamuweebwa era n'abafuzi abaddirira.

Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwafuganga ekitundu ekiri wakati w’Omugga Zambezi n’Omugga Limpopo, mu kitundu ekiriwo kati ekiyitibwa Zambia, Zimbabwe ne Mozambique, okuva mu kyasa ekya 14 okutuusa mu kyasa ekya 17. Mu ntikko yaabwo, Mutapa yali awambye ekitundu kya Dande eky’Omugga Tonga ne Tavara. Obwakabaka bwa Mutapa bwasinganga kwetaba mu by’obusuubuzi okusomoka Ssemayanja wa Indian Ocean okutuuka mu mawanga ag’omu Asiya.

Okufaananako abantu abaaliwo mu kiseera kye kimu mu Maravi, Mutapa yalina obuzibu n’abasuubuzi Abapotigo abaali bazze. Obutategeeragana buno we bwatuukira ku ntikko, Abapotigo baali bagezezzaako okukyusa mu nsonga z’omunda mu bwakabaka nga batandikawo obutale mu bwakabaka era nga bakyusa abantu okubayingiza Obukristaayo. Ekikolwa kino kyaleetawo obusungu mu Basiraamu AbaSwahili abaali babeera mu kibuga ekikulu, akavuyo kano kaawa Abapotigo ensonga gye baali banoonya okulumba obwakabaka era bagezeeko okufuga ebirombe by'abwo ebya zaabu n'enguudo awayitira amasanga. Obulumbaganyi buno bwagwa butaka Abapotigo bwe baalumbibwa endwadde nga bayita ku mugga Zambezi.

Mu myaka gya 1600 enkaayana ez'omunda n'olutalo lw'omunda byatandika okukendeera kwa Mutapa. Obwakabaka obwali bunafuye bwawangulwa Abapotigo era oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera bwatwalibwa amawanga ga Shona bwe baali bawalangana.

Abapotigo nabo baalina ettaka ddene, eryali limanyiddwa nga Prazos, era baakozesanga abaddu n'abaali abaddu ng'abakuumi n'abayizzi. Baatendekanga abasajja mu bukodyo bw'amagye era ne babawa emmundu. Abasajja bano baafuuka abayizzi b'enjovu abakugu era baali bamanyiddwa nga ba Chikunda. Oluvannyuma lw'okukendeera kw'Abapotigo, Chikunda baasobola okwesolossa munda mu Zambia.

Abantu b'omu Portugal okubeera mu kitundu ekyo kyali nsonga lwaki obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwatandikibwawo, eggwanga eryali lyetongodde ku Mutapa. Omukulembeze w'obwakabaka bwa Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, yafuuka omu ku bakulembeze abasingayo amaanyi mu byafaayo bya South-Central Africa. Wansi w'obukulembeze bwe, obwakabaka bwa Rozvi bwawangula Abapotigo ne babaggya mu bifo mwe baali bakolera bizineesi ku mugga Zambezi.

Naye oboolyawo ekyokulabirako ekisinga okumanyibwa mu kino okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti kwe kweyongera kw’Abazulu wansi w’obukulembeze bwa Shaka. Okupikirizibwa okuva eri Abangereza abafuzi b’amatwale mu Cape ne okweyongera kw’obukambwe bwa gavumenti mu Bazulu kyavaako Mfecane (okunyigirizibwa). Abazulu beeyongera nga bayingiza abakazi n’abaana b’ebika bye baawangula, singa abasajja b’ebika bino ebya Nguni baawona okuttibwa, baakozesa obukodyo bw’amagye obw’Abazulu okulumba ebibinja ebirala.

Kino kyaviirako abantu bangi okusenguka, entalo n'obulumbaganyi mu Bukiikaddyo, mu Masekkati ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Afirika nga ab'ekika kya Nguni oba Ngoni nga bakulembeddwamu Zwagendaba baasomoka omugga Zambezi nga batambulira mu Bukiikakkono. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni be baakuba ekibuga Maravi Empire ekyali kinafuye. Ab'ekika kya Ngoni abasinga obungi baasenga mu kitundu ekyali Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique ne Tanzania era ne beegatta ku bika ebyali mu kitundu ekyo.

Mu Bugwanjuba bwa Zambia, ekibinja ekirala eky’omu Bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika eky’Abasotho-Tswana abava mu Luba ne Lunda ezaagwa edda abayitibwa Abaluyana baawamba Kololo ne bamussaako olulimi Olukololo okutuusa Abaluyana lwe beekalakaasa ne baggyako Kololo mu kiseera kino olulimi Olukololo lwali lwerabiddwa era olulimi olupya olugattiddwa lwe lwavaamu, SiLozi era Abaluyana baatandika okweyita Abalozi.

Ku nkomerero y'ekyasa kya 18, Abamu ku Mbunda baasengukira mu Barotseland, Mongu oluvannyuma lw'okusenguka kw'abantu abalala, nga muno mwe muli, Ciyengele.

Ekiseera ky'obukulembeze bw'amatwale

Abazungu

Omu ku Bulaaya abaasooka okuwandiikibwa nga baakyalako mu kitundu kino yali omuvumbuzi Omupotigo Francisco de Lacerda ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 18. Lacerda yakulemberamu ekibinja ky'abavumbuzi okuva e Mozambique okutuuka mu kitundu ky'e Kazembe mu Zambia (nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okuvumbula n'okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwa Africa okuva ku lubalama lw'ennyanja okutuuka ku lubalama lw'ennyanja omulundi ogusooka), era n'afa mu kiseera ky'olugendo mu 1798. Olugendo luno okuva olwo lwakulemberwamu mukwano gwe Francisco Pinto. Ekitundu kino, ekisangibwa wakati wa Mozambique ne Angola, kyali kigambibwa nti kyali kya Bupotugo mu kiseera ekyo.

Abalala abava mu Bulaaya baagoberera mu kyasa 19. Eyasinga okumanyika mu bano yali David Livingstone, eyalina okwolesebwa okw'okukomya okusuubula abaddu ng'ayita mu "3Cs": Obukristaayo, Ebyobusuubuzi, n'Obuwangwa. Ye Muzungu eyasooka okulaba ebisulo by'amazzi ebyewuunyisa ku Mugga Zambezi mu 1855, n'abyogerako bw'ati: "Ebifo ebirabika obulungi bityo biteekwa okuba nga byatunuulirwa bamalayika mu kudduka kwabwe".

Mu kitundu kino ebiyiriro bimanyiddwa nga "Mosi-o-Tunya" oba "omukka ogubwatuka" mu lulimi Lozi oba Kololo. Ekibuga Livingstone, okumpi n'ebiyiriro, kiyitibwa erinnya lye. Emboozi ezikwata ku ŋŋendo ze zaali zimanyiddwa nnyo ne kiviirako abagenyi bangi okuva mu Bulaaya, abaminsani, n'abasuubuzi oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwe mu 1873.

Kampuni ya British South Africa Company

Mu 1888, kampuni ya British South Africa Company (BSA Company), eyakulemberwa Cecil Rhodes, yafuna olukusa okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka okuva ku Litunga ow'abantu ba Lozi, omukulu w'essaza ly'abantu ba Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu kitundu ekyafuuka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.

Ebuvanjuba, mu Gwekkumineebiri 1897 ekibinja ky’Abangoni oba Abangoni (abaasibuka mu Zululand) beekalakaasa nga bakulemberwa Tsinco, mutabani wa Kabaka Mpezeni, naye obujeemu bwakomezebwawo, era Mpezeni n’akkiriza Pax Britannica. Ekitundu ky’eggwanga ekyo kyatandika okumanyibwa nga Rhodesia ey'omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba. Mu 1895, Rhodes yasaba omusikawutu wa Omumerika Frederick Russell Burnham okunoonya eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka n’engeri y’okulongoosaamu entambula y’emigga mu kitundu ekyo, era mu lugendo luno mwe mwazuulibwa Frederick Russell Burnham eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka bingi ku mugga Kafue.

Obufuzi bw'amatwale ga Bungereza

Mu 1953, okutondebwawo kwa Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland z'agatta wamu Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono ne Rhodesia ey'Obukiikaddyo, ne Nyasaland (kati Malawi) ng’ekitundu kimu ekyetongodde. Kino kyakolebwa wadde nga waaliwo okuwakanyizibwa okuva mu bantu abatono, abaakola okwekalakaasa okwaliwo mu 1960–61.

Obwetwaaze

Omukago gwasaanyizibwawo nga 31 Ogwekkumineebiri 1963, era mu Gwoluberyeberye 1964, Kaunda yawangula akalulu k'Obwaminisita bwa Rhodesia ey'Obukiikakkono. Gavana w'amatwale, Sir Evelyn Hone, yali mukwano nnyo gwa Kaunda era yamukubiriza okwesimbawo ku kifo ekyo. Mangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ekyo, waaliwo okwekalakaasa mu Bukiikakkono bw'eggwanga eryo eryali limanyiddwa nga Lumpa Uprising nga lyali liduumirwa Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation.

Rhodesia yafuuka Republic of Zambia nga 24 Ogwekkumi 1964, nga Kenneth Kaunda ye pulezidenti eyasooka. Ku kufuna obwetwaze, wadde nga yalina ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebingi, Zambia yasanga okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi. Munda mu ggwanga, waaliwo Abazambia abatendeke era abayivu abasukka mu 70,000 abaali basobola okuddukanya gavumenti, era ebyenfuna byali byesigamye nnyo ku bakugu okuva mu mawanga amalala. Obukugu buno bwaweebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala omubaka wa Bungereza mu Zambia John Willson. Waaliwo Abazungu abasukka mu 70,000 ababeera mu Zambia mu 1964, era baasigala nga ba mugaso nnyo mu byenfuna.

Kaunda okuwagira abayeekera ba Patriotic Front abaali bakola obulumbaganyi mu mawanga ag'omuliraano (Bukiikaddyo) Rhodesia kyaleetawo obunkenke mu by'obufuzi era ne kireetawo okukozesa amagye ku nsalo, era kino kyaviirako ensalo okuggalwa mu 1973.Ebbibiro ly'amasannyalaze erya Kariba ku mugga Zambezi lyawa amasannyalaze agamala okukola ku byetaago by'eggwanga eby'amasannyalaze, wadde nga Rhodesia ye yali ekola ku by'amasannyalaze.

Nga 3 Ogwomwenda 1978, ennyonyi ey'abantu ba bulijjo, Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yakubibwa amasasi okumpi ne Kariba abayeekera ba Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) abaakulemberwa Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yaddamu n'ekikwekweto kya Gatling, okulumba enkambi endala mu Zambia nga bakozesa amaanyi g'ennyonyi n'abajaasi abakugu mu kubuuka mu bbanga n'abajaasi abakugu mu kukozesa ennyonyi.

Mu myaka gya 1970, Mozambique ne Angola zaali zifunye obwetwaze okuva ku Portugal. Gavumenti ya Rhodesia eyali esingamu abazungu, eyafulumya Ekirangiriro ky’Obwetwaze mu 1965, yakkiriza obufuzi obw’abantu abangi wansi w’Endagaano ya Lancaster House mu 1979.

Obukuubagano mu bitundu byombi ebyali bifugibwa Abapotigo n'olutalo lw'okufuna obwetwaze bwa Namibia byaviirako okuyingira kw'abanoonyi b'obubudamuera ne kyongera ku buzibu bw'ebyentambula. Oluguudo lw'eggaali y'omukka eya Benguela, olwayita mu Angola, lwaggalwawo ddala eri ebyentambula bya Zambia mu myaka gya 1970 egyali gisembayo. Zambia okuwagira ebibiina ebirwanyisa obusosoze mu mawanga nga African National Congress (ANC) era kyaleetawo obuzibu bw'ebyokwerinda ng'amagye ga South Africa Defence Force galumba ebifo ebitali bimu mu lutalo lw'okulwanyisa obwetwaze bwa Namibia.

Ebizibu by'ebyenfuna

Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1970, omuwendo gwa kkopa, ekyamaguzi ekikulu ekiva mu Zambia, gwasereba nnyo mu nsi yonna. Mu mbeera ya Zambia, obungi bw'okutambuza kkopa eŋŋendo empanvu okutuuka mu katale kyali kizibu kinene. Zambia yasaba obuyambi okuva mu mawanga ag'ebweru n'ag'ensi yonna, naye, nga bbeeyi ya kkopa esigadde nga yasereba, kyeyongera okubeera ekizibu okusasula amabanja gaayo agaali geeyongera. Mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990, wadde nga tewaaliwo kusonyiyibwa mabanja, ebbeyi ya kkopa eyali eva mu Zambia yali emu ku bintu ebyali bisinga okuba eby'ebbeeyi mu nsi yonna.

Okukola ku nsonga z'abantu

Mu Gwomukaaga 1990, obwegugungo obwali buwakanya Kaunda bwatandika era abeekalakaasi bangi battibwa gavumenti.Mu 1990, Kaunda yawona okulumbibwa amagye, era mu 1991, yakkiriza okuzzaawo enfuga ey'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo enfuga ey'ekibiina ekimu wansi w'akakiiko ka Choma aka 1972. Oluvannyuma lw'okulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi, Kaunda yaggyibwa mu woofiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuwangulwa mu kulonda kw'ebibiina by'ebyobufuzi ebingi Frederick Chiluba.

Mu myaka gya 2000, ebyenfuna byanywerera, ne bituuka ku kweyongera kw'ebbeeyi y'ebintu mu 2006–2007, okweyongera kw'ebyenfuna, okukendeera kw'amagoba, n'okweyongera kw'omutindo gw'ebyobusuubuzi. Bingi ku kukulaakulana kuno kuvudde ku kusiga ensimbi okuva ebweru mu by'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka n'okweyongera kw'emiwendo gy'ekikomo mu nsi yonna. Bino byonna byaleetera Zambia okusikirizibwa ennyo abagabi b'obuyambi era ne kireetera abasiga nsimbi okwongera okwesiga eggwanga lino.

Ebyobufuzi

Ebyobufuzi mu Zambia bitambulira mu nkola ey'omukulembeze w'eggwanga omukiise mu demokulasiya ow'eggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo, omukulembeze wa Zambia y'akulira eggwanga era akulira gavumenti mu ggwanga eririmu abantu ab'enjawulo. Gavumenti ekozesa obuyinza obw'okuteeka mu nkola, ate obuyinza obw'okukola amateeka buweebwa gavumenti ne paalamenti.

Zambia yafuuka repubuliki oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu Gwekkumi 1964. Okuva mu 2011 okutuuka mu 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia yali Michael Sata, okutuusa Sata lwe yafa nga 28 Ogwekkumi 2014. Oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Sata, omumyuka wa pulezidenti Guy Scott, Omuzambia ow'ensibuko y'Abasikawutu, yafuuka omukungu akola nga pulezidenti. Okulonda kwa pulezidenti kwaliwo nga 22 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015. Omugatte gw’abantu 11 abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti be beesimbawo mu kulonda era nga 24 Ogwoluberyeberye 2015, kyalangirirwa nti Edgar Chagwa Lungu yali awangudde okulonda okufuuka pulezidenti ow’omukaaga. Yawangula ebitundu 48.33% eby’obululu, ng’obululu 1.66% bwali bumusinga ku munnabyabufuzi akyasinze okuvuganya gavumenti, Hakainde Hichilema, eyafuna ebitundu 46.67%.Abantu abalala mwenda abaali beesimbyewo ku bwa pulezidenti baafuna obululu obutaweza na bitundu 1% ku bululu bwonna. Mu kulonda pkwaliwo mu Gwomunaana 2016 Zambian general election pulezidenti Edgar Lungu yawangula okulonda okw’omulundi ogw’okubiri. Omukago ogutaba ebibiina by’ebyobufuzi ogwa Patriotic Front (PF) gwagaana ebyali byogerwa ab’oludda oluvuganya gavumenti, UPND party.

Mu kulonda kwa bonna okwa 2021, okwalimu abalonzi 70% ku abo abaali basuubirwa, Hakainde Hichilema yawangula ebitundu 59% eby’obululu, ng’omuvuganya we eyali asingayo okuba ow’amaanyi, Edgar Chagwa Lungu, eyali pulezidenti mu kiseera ekyo, yafuna ebitundu 39% eby’obululu. Nga 16 Ogwomunaana Edgar Lungu yakkiriza mu kiwandiiko kye yafulumya ku ttivi, ng’aweereza ebbaluwa era ng’ayozayoza pulezidenti omulonde Hakainde Hichilema. Nga 24 Ogwomunaana 2021, Hakainde Hichilema yalayizibwa nga pulezidenti wa Zambia omuggya.

Amaggye

Mu 2019, Zambia yassa omukono ku ndagaano ya UN ekwata ku Kuziyiza eby'okulwanyisa binnamuzisa ebya Nukiriya.

Amateeka n'eddembe ly'obuntu

Gavumenti evunaanye abavumirira nga bakozesa ebigambo by'amateeka nti baali bawabya abantu. Amateeka agakwata ku kuwandiika ebintu ebikyamu gakozesebwa okukugira eddembe ly'okwogera ne bannamawulire.

Ebikolwa eby'okweganza wakati w'abantu ab'ekikula ekimu kimenya mateeka eri abasajja n'abakazi mu Zambia. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu 2010 kwalaga nti ebitundu 2% ebya Bannansi ba Zambia bakitwala nti okulya ebisiyaga tekirina buzibu bwonna ku mpisa. Mu Gwekkumineebiri 2019, kyategeezebwa nti Omubaka wa Amerika mu Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "yakwatibwa ensisi" olw'engeri Zambia gy'ekuumamu abalyi b'ebisiyaga mu makomera. Oluvannyuma lw'okujulira ne kulema era nga n'abafumbo bano Japhet Chataba ne Steven Samba baasalirwa ekibonerezo kya kusibibwa emyaka 15 mu makomera, Foote yasaba gavumenti ya Zambia okuddamu okwekenneenya omusango guno n'amateeka ga Zambia agalwanyisa ebisiyaga. Foote yafuna obuzibu era n'asazaamu okujja mu bantu oluvannyuma lw'okutiisibwatiisibwa ku mikutu gya yintaneeti, era oluvannyuma lw'okulangirirwa Lungu nti y'omuntu ataagalwa mu ggwanga eryo.

Mu 2026, gavumenti ya Zambia yavumirirwa olw'okwongezaayo olukiiko olw'amaanyi olw'ensi yonna olw'eddembe ly'obuntu, RightsCon, ennaku musanvu zokka nga tezinnatuuka okubeerawo mu Lusaka. Olukiiko olwo oluvannyuma lwasazibwamu oluvannyuma lw'okumanya nti gavumenti ya Zambia yali esaba, kirabika nga kya kusaba kw'abakungu ba China, okulungamya n'okuggyako aboogezi okuva e Taiwan. Abakugu baayogedde ku kweraliikirira olw'okulondoola n'okweyongera kw'obulabe eri ebitongole by'obwanakyewa.

Ebyafaayo by'abantu

Okusinziira ku kubala abantu okwa 2022 mu Zambia, omuwendo gw'abantu mu Zambia gwali 19,610,769.

Ebibinja by'abantu ebisinga obunene mu Zambia beebo abayitibwa Bemba obukadde 3.3 (33.6%), Nyanja obukadde 1.8 (18.2%), Tonga obukadde 1.7 (16.8%), Abantu ab’omu Bukiikakkonobwobuvanjuba 1,000,000 (10.3%), Abalozii (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Abamabwe 580,000 (5.9%), Abatumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Abalamba 165,000 (2%), Abayindi 11,900 n’Abazungu 6,200.

Zambia y'emu ku nsi ezisinga okubeeramu abantu mu bibuga mu Afirika eri wansi wa Sahara, ng'ebitundu 44% eby'abantu babeera mu bitundu ebisinga okubeeramu entambula, so ng'ate ebyalo birimu abantu batono nnyo. Omuwendo gw'abaana abazaalibwa gwali 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001–02).

Ebibuga ebisinga obunene

Okutandika kw'okuyiikuula ekikomo mu makolero ku Copperbelt mu myaka gya 1920 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga. Wadde ng'okukulaakulana kw'ebibuga kwali kuteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, kyali kinene nnyo.[1] Ebibuga ebikolebwamu eby'obugagga ku Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali eteeberezebwa nnyo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi bw'amatwale, yali nnene nnyo. Ebibuga ebirimu ebirombe bya Copperbelt mu kaseera katono byali bisukkulumye ku bibuga ebyalimu abantu era ne byeyongera okukulaakulana amangu oluvannyuma lw'ameefuga ga Zambia. Okukendeera kw'ebyenfuna ku Copperbelt okuva mu myaka gya 1970 okutuuka mu myaka gya 1990 egyaggwaako kyaleetawo enkulaakulana y'ebibuga. Wadde ng'enkulaakulana y'ebibuga yali y'etoloolera ku gaali z'omukka n'enguudo okuyita mu Bukiikaddyo bwe bironbe bya kkoppa okuyita mu Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma ne Livingstone.

Ebibinja by'abantu

Zambia elimu ebika nga 73, wadde mu nkola waliwo ebibinja ebitono ebirabika obulungi.[2] Abazambia abasinga boogera Olubantu. Ebibinja ebisinga obunene mu lulimi bye Bemba, Nyanja (era ekiyitibwa Chewa), ne Tonga; ebibinja ebirala ebitali binene nnyo bye Kaonde, Lozi, Luanda, ne Luvale.[2] Mu 2010, omuwendo gw'abantu gwateeberezebwa okuba ebitundu 21% Bemba, ebitundu 13.6% Tonga, ebitundu 7.4% Chewa, ebitundu 5.7% Lozi, ebitundu 5.3% Nsenga, ebitundu 4.4% Tumbuka, ebitundu 4.0% Ngoni, ne 38.6% abalala. Ekibinja kya Bemba kye kisinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkono, Luapula, ne Copperbelt; ekibinja kya Tonga mu bitundu by'Obukiikaddyo, n'eby'Obugwanjuba; n'ekibinja kya Lozi mu bitundu by'Obugwanjuba. Ekibinja kya Tumbuka ekitono ennyo kisangibwa mu kiwonvu kya Luangwa mu Buvanjuba.[2] Tewali kibinja ky'abantu aboogera olulimi olumu abasinga obunene mu bitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba. Ebitundu by'Obukiikakkonobwobugwanjuba tebirimu bantu bangi nnyo.

Ng’oggyeko olulimi, obuwangwa bukulu mu Zambia.Obuwangwa buno batera okubukwataganya n’obwesigwa bw’amaka oba n’ab’obuyinza eb'ennono. Obuwangwa buno busengekeddwa mu bibinja by’ennimi ebikulu.

Abagwiira, okusingira ddala Abangereza oba Aba South Afrika, wamu n'abamu ku bannansi ba Zambia abeeru Abazungu abava mu Bungereza, babeera nnyo mu Lusaka ne mu Copperbelt mu Bukiikakkono bwa Zambia, gye baba nga bakola mu birombe, mu by'ensimbi n'emirimu emirala egifaananako bwe gityo oba nga bawummudde. Waaliwo Abazungu 70,000 mu Zambia mu 1964, naye bangi okuva olwo bavudde mu ggwanga.

Zambia erina abantu abatono naye nga balina omugaso mu byenfuna abava mu Asia, abasinga obungi ku bo Buhindi ne Bachina. Ekibinja kino eky’abantu abatono ky'ekikyasinze okufuga eby’enfuna nga kye kikola ku by’okutunda ebintu. Kiteeberezebwa nti Abachina nga 80,000 be baali babeera mu Zambia mu 2006. Mu myaka egiyise, ebikumi n’ebikumi by’abalimi abazungu abaali bagobeddwa mu Zimbabwe baasengukira e Zambia oluvannyuma lw’okuyitibwa gavumenti ya Zambia, okutandika okulima mu matwae g'omu Bukiikaddyo.

Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwalebwa ku banoonyi b'obubuddamu mu 2009 ekyakubibwa akakiikio ka America akavunanyizibwa ku banoonyi b'obubudamu n'abagwiira eka U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia yalina omuwendo gw’abanoonyi b’obubudamu n’abanoonya obubudamu nga bali 88,900. Abanoonyi b’obubudamu abasinga obungi mu ggwanga baava mu Democratic Republic of the Congo (ababundabunda 47,300 okuva mu DRC ng'ababeera mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100 Bannangola Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) ne Rwanda (4,900). Bannansi ba Zambia okutwaliza awamu baaniriza abagwira.

Okutandika mu Gwokutaano 2008, omuwendo gw'Abazimbabwe mu Zambia gwatandika okulinnya ennyo; okuyingira kwali kusinga kw'Abazimbabwe abaali babeera mu South Africa abaali badduka obutabanguko obwali mu ggwanga eryo. Kumpi abanoonyi b'obubudamo 60,000 babeera mu nkambi mu Zambia, ate 50,000 babeera mu bantu ba bulijjo. Abanoonyi b'obubudamo abaagala okukola mu Zambia balina okusaba olukusa saako n'ebiwandiiko ebikukkiriza okukola nga bino biyinza okutwala ddoola 500 buli mwaka.

Eddiini

Zambia mu butongole "eggwanga ery'Ekiikuristaayo" wansi wa Ssemateeka w'eggwanga owa 1996, naye essa ekitiibwa mu kukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusinza. Zambia lye ggwanga lyokka mu Afirika erirangirira Obukristaayo ng'eddiini y'eggwanga. Ekitongole kya Zambia ekivunaanyizibwa ku kubala abantu ekya Zambia Statistics Agency mu 2022 kyabalirira nti 98.0% ku Bannazambia Bakristaayo, nga 74.5% Bapulotesitanti, 17.9% Bakatoliki ate 5.6% Bajulirwa ba Yakuwa. Enzikiriza z'ekikulisitaayo mu Zambia mulimu Apolotesitante, Abavangelika saako n'Abapentecoote.

Obukristaayo bwatuuka mu Zambia okuyita mu bufuzi bw'amatwale obw'Abazungu, era enjawulo yaakyo ey'ebibiina eby'enjawulo eraga enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'obuminsani; okugeza, Obukatoliki bwava mu Mozambique ey'Abaportugalezi mu Buvanjuba, so ng'Obulokole bwava mu Bungereza mu Bukiikaddyo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani ebirala okuva mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu, naddala Amerika ey'Obukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Mu byasa ebyaddirira, emirimu gy'obuminsani egy'Abazungu egyaddira abakkiriza ab'omu kitundu (okuggyako ebifo ebimu eby'obuminsani, gamba ng'abasawo). Oluvannyuma lwa Frederick Chiluba, Omukulisitaayo Omukristaayo, okufuuka pulezidenti mu 1991, ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu byeyongera nnyo okwetooloola Zambia okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze mu 1964, Zambia yalaba okweyongera okw'amaanyi okw'ebibiina by'obuminsani eby'Abazungu okuva mu bitundu by'ensi eby'enjawulo, naddala Amerika ow'ebukiikakkono ne Bugirimaani.

Eddiini z'Ekikristaayo ezimu ezirina abagoberezi batono mu nsi yonna zimanyiddwa nnyo mu Zambia. Eggwanga lino lirina abantu abawerako ab'enzikiriza y'eki Adiventi nga mu bibala ku Bazambia 18 osangamu 1 omu Adiventi. Ekkanisa y'Abalokole eya Central Africa erimu abagoberezi abasukka mu 11,000 mu ggwanga. Abantu abasukka mu bitundu 12 ku buli kikumi mu Zambia basabira mu Kkanisa ya New Apostostoc Church. Nga balina abagoberezi abasukka mu kakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri, eggwanga lirimu ekibiina ky'Abaseveniside ekisinga obunene mu Afirika, okuva ku bantu abasukka mu bukadde mwenda mu nsi yonna.

Abantu nga 2.7% ku Bannazambia Basiraamu, abasinga obungi nga Basunni n’abalala abatonotono nga Abaismaili ne Twelver Shia. Abasiraamu abali mu Zambia, abalina okubalibwa okw’omulundi ogumu nga 100,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, bazingiramu abanoonyi b’obubudamu okuva e Congo ne Somalia, awamu n’abagwiira okuva mu South Asia ne mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu abafuuse Bannazambia. Abahindu, abasinga obungi nga ba South Asian ancestry, baali nga 10,000 okusinziira ku kuteebereza okumu okwakolebwa, mu 2019. Ku ntikko y'akyo mu myaka gya 1960, Abayudaaya abaali mu Zambia abaali bawerera ddala 10,000 ng'abasinga baali basibuka mu Lithuania, Latvia ne Bugirimaani,okuva mu 2012 baali batono ddala okusinga Abazambia Abayudaaya ng'abasinga ku bbo baali bawangalira mu Lusaka mu matwale g'Obukiikakkono. Mu Zambia mulimu abantu batono ab'enzikiriza ya Baha ne Buddhists saako ne Sikhs.

Ennimi

Omuwendo omutuufu ogw'ennimi za Zambia tegumanyiddwa, wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bingi bigamba nti Zambia erina ennimi 73 ez’enjawulo; omuwendo guno guyinza okuba nga guva ku butawulira njawulo wakati w’ennimi n’ebigambo ebikozesebwa eby'enjawulo, nga basinziira ku kuba nti abantu basobola okutegeeragana nga boogera ennimi ez’enjawulo. Okusinziira ku kino, omuwendo gw’ennimi za Zambia guyinza okuba nga guli wakati wa 20 oba 30.

Olulimi olutongole mu Zambia lwe Lungereza, olukozesebwa mu bizinensi entongole, eby'enjigiriza, n’amateeka.Olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu Zambia, naddala mu Lusaka, lwe Lunyaanja (Chewa), oluddako Bemba. Mu birombe bya koppa, Bemba lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa era oluddako Nyanja. Olunyaanja n’Olubemba bye byogerwa mu bitundu eby’omu bibuga, okugatta ku nnimi endala eza wano ezaatera okwogerwa mu Zambia. Zino mulimu Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda ne Luvale, ezaalagibwa ku Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) mu kitundu ky’ennimi za wano.

Abasinga obungi bajja kwogera Olubemba n'Olunyanja mu Copperbelt; Olunyanja lusinga kwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu Buvanjuba bwa Zambia. Oluzungu lukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya entongole era lwe lulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu maka mu bantu abava mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. Okumelukawo kuno mu nnimi ereetedde olulimi olwogerwa mu Lusaka ne mu bibuga ebirala ebikulu. Abasinga obungi mu Zambia batera okwogera ennimi ezisukka mu lumu: olulimi olutongole, Oluzungu, n'olulimi olusinga okwogerwa mu kibuga oba mu kitundu gye babeera. Olupotugo luyigirizibwa ng'olulimi olw'okubiri mu masomo g'essomero olw'okubeerawo kw'Abangereza aboogera Olupotugo abangi mu Zambia.

Eby'enjigiriza

Eddembe okufuna obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obumala eri bonna kikuumibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia. Etteeka ly’Obuyigirize erya 2011 likugira obuyigirize obwenkanankana era obw’omutindo. Omutindo gw’obuyivu bw’olulimi Olungereza nga bwe gwali mu 2018 guli ebitundu 86.7%.

Ensaasaanya ya gavumenti eya buli mwaka ku by'enjigiriza ebadde ya njawulo nnyo. Nga bwe kiri ebitundu ku mbalirira ya gavumenti, kyali ebitundu 19.6% mu 2006, ebitundu 15.3% mu 2011, n'ebitundu 20.2% mu 2015. Okutuuka mu 2020, ensaasaanya ku by'enjigiriza yali ebitundu 3.7% ku GDP.

Eby'obulamu

Zambia eri mu kiseera ky’okubalukawo kw’ekirwadde kya mukenenya, ng’omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu ggwanga lyonna guli ebitundu 12.10 ku buli kikumi mu bantu abakulu. Kyokka, eggwanga lino likoze enkyukakyuka mu myaka ekkumi egiyise: Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina akawuka ka mukenenya mu bantu abakulu abali wakati w’emyaka 15–49 gukendedde okutuuka ku bitundu 13 ku buli kikumi mu 2013/14, bw’ogeraageranya n’ebitundu 16 ku buli kikumi emyaka nga kkumi emabega. Ebiva mu bujjanjabi ebirala nabyo enkyukayuka ez'akolebwa, newankubadde nga bikyali bibi nnyo okusinzila ku mutindo gw’ensi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 135 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 169 mu 2014 ne 296 mu 2007; mu myaka egyo emabega, omuwendo gw’abantu abafa nga bazaala guli 59.3 ku buli kikumi mu 2020 nga bagerageranya n’abantu 69.2 ne 93.3 mu 2014 ne 2007.

Eby'enfuna

Mu 2022, Zambia ezitowa wakati w'obuwumbi bwa doolo 7.5 n'ebuwumbi 8 obuva mu by'obusuubuzi ebitundibwa w'abweru w'eggwanga buli mwaka. Byonna awamu byali bibalirirwamu billiyooni doola 9.1 obuwumbi obw’ebintu ebifulumizibwa ebweru w'eggwanga mu 2018M u 2015, abantu nga 54.4% baali babeera wansi w’oekigerogkyobwavu mu ggwanga, nga guno gwalongooka okuva ku 60.5% mu 2010.[3] Obwavu mu byalo bwali ku bitundu 76.6% ate mu bibuga bwali ku bitundu 23.4%.[3] Omutindo gw’obwavu mu ggwanga gwali ZMK 214 (US$12.85) buli mwezi. Okusinziira okwakasembayo mu 2018 okwakolebwa United Nations Development Programme, abantu 47.9% beeyongera okukosebwa obwavu obwengerera ddala.

Zambia yali ku kifo kya 112 mu Index y’Ensi Yonna ey’Obuyiiya mu 2025. Ebipimo by’abantu byeyongera okukka, naddala mu bipimo by’obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa (nga 40.9 emyaka) ne mu kufa kw’abakyala abali embuto (830 ku buli 100,000 abali embuto) mu 2007. Mu 2023, obulamu obusuubirwa ku kuzaalibwa bwali bweyongeddeko okutuuka ku myaka nga 62.

Zambia yagwa mu bwavu oluvannyuma lw’emiwendo gya kkopa mu nsi yonna okukka mu myaka gya 1970. Gavumenti eyali ekulemberwa abantu abalina endowooza ez’enjawulo yagezaako okuzzaawo ssente ze yali efiiriddwa ng’eyita mu nteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezaali zitegekeddwa ekitongole ekya International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Enkola ey’obutatunda ng’oyita mu kkubo erisinga okukozesebwa era nga lye kkubo ly’eggaali y’omukka erituuka ku nnyanja – ekitundu kino kyali kimanyiddwa nga Rhodesia (okuva mu 1965 okutuuka mu 1979), era nga kati kimanyiddwa nga Zimbabwe – kyafiiriza nnyo eby'enfuna. Oluvannyuma lw’obufuzi bwa Kaunda, (okuva mu 1991) gavumenti ez’enjawulo zaatandika okukola enkyukakyuka entonotono. Eby'enfuna byasigala mu kifo bizingamye kyabyo okutuusa mu myaka gya 1990. Mu 2007 Zambia kino yakiteeka ne mu biwandiiko anti eby'enfuna by'eggwanga byagwa okuva ku bitundu 30% okutuuka ku bitundu 8.9% mu 2000.

Zambia ekyakola ku nsonga z'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna nga obunene bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'okutumbula enkola ya Zambia mu bitongole by'abantu. Amateeka g'ebyenfuna n'okulwawo okusalawo kungi, n'obuli bw'enguzi bususse. Enkola y'obukulembeze mu Zambia ereetera abantu okukozesa enkola ezitali mu mateeka okusobola okufuna ebyetaago byabwe ebya bulijjo. Ebbanja lya Zambia lyonna awamu lisinga obuwumbi bwa ddoola 6 mu kiseera ekyo eggwanga lye lyali lisobola okufuna obuyambi bw'ensimbi okuva mu nteekateeka egenderera okuwola ensimbi eri amawanga agatawanyizibwa mu by'enfuna eya Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) mu 2000, nga kino kyali kyesigamye ku kutuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebimu. Mu kusooka, Zambia yali esuubira okutuuka ku mutendera ogusembayo ogw'enteekateeka ya HIPC okusobola okufuna okusonyiyibwa ku bbanja lyayo 2003.

Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2003, gavumenti ya Zambia yategeeza International Monetary Fund ne World Bank nti yali eyagala okuddamu okuteesa ku bimu ku bigobererwa mu kukola ssente nga basaba okuggyawo bbanka ya Zambia National Commercial Bank n’emikutu gy’amasimu n’amasannyalaze. Wadde nga baatuuka ku nzikiriziganya ku nsonga zino, okweyongera okusaasaanya ssente ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti n’okwongera ku muwendo gw’emisolo. Okwongera ku misolo n’okukendeeza ku musaala gw’abakozi ba gavumenti kyalemesa okwongeza ku musaala gwabwe n’okufuna emirimu emirala. Kino kyaleetawo okwekalakaasa mu ggwanga lyonna mu Gwokubiri 2004.

Gavumenti ya Zambia eri mu kunoonyereza ku nteekateeka ey'okukyusa mu by'enfuna okusobola okukendeeza ku kwesigama kw'ebyenfuna ku makolero ga kikomo. Enteekateeka eno eruubirira okukozesa ebintu ebirala ebiri mu by'obugagga bya Zambia nga bakulaakulanya eby'obulimi, eby'obulambuzi, okusima amayinja ag'omuwendo, n'amasannyalaze agakolebwa mu mazzi. Mu Gwoluberyeberye 2018, pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ne pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu baassa omukono ku ndagaano 12 mu kibuga ekikulu Lusaka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okuva ku by'obusuubuzi n'okusiga ensimbi okutuuka ku by'obulambuzi n'ebyobusuubuzi.

Okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka

Okusima n'okutema amayinja byakola ebitundu nga 13.2% ku GDP ya Zambia mu 2019. Ebyenfuna bya Zambia byali byesigamye ku makolero agasima kkopa. Amakolero gano gaafuulibwa ga gavumenti mu 1973; wansi w'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti, okufulumya kwakendeera nnyo Oluvannyuma lw'okutunda emigabo mu 1996–2000, okusiga ensimbi, okufulumya, n'emirimu mu makolero g'ekikomo byeyongera.[3] Mu 2019, okutunda ekikomo mu mawanga amalala kwali ebitundu nga 69% ku muwendo gw'ebintu byonna ebyafulumizibwa mu Zambia ebyatundibwa mu mawanga amalala. Mu 2023, Zambia yali efulumya metric tons 698,000 eza kkopa.Ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu Afrika era nga ye yali esinga mu kusima kkopa mu nsi yonna, nga kino kyali kikola ebitundu 4% ku muwendo gya kkopa egyali kifulumizibwa mu nsi yonna. Ebirombe bya kkopa mu Zambia birina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakuna eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (GDP) ate nga erina omugabo ogusukka mu kimu kyakusatu eky'ebintu eby'enkizo mu ggwanga (copper production). Ekitongole kya gavumenti ekya ZCCM Investments Holdings kirimu eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka bingi; kirina omugabo gwa bitundu 49% mu birombe bya kkopa e Mopani, ng'ebitundu 51% ebisigadde birina nannyini byo mu ddungu ly'ebuwalabu oba United Arab Emirates ng'eyita mu kkampuni ya International Holding Company. ZCCM erina emigabo mu by'obugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'ebitongole ebimanyiddwa nga Vedanta Resources ne First Quantum Minerals.Olw'okuba eby'enfuna bya Zambia byesigamye nnyo ku by'amakolero ga copper, emiwendo gy'ensimbi z'eggwanga zigenda nga zikyukakyuka okusinziira ku miwendo gya copper. Gavumenti ya China, okuyita mu kkampuni ez'obwannannyini era nga kitundu ku nteekateeka yaayo eya Belt and Road Initiative, ekoze okusiga ensimbi okw'amaanyi mu mawanga amalala okuyita mu kuzimba amakolero, okutunda ebintu ebweru w'eggwanga, n'okukola bizineesi n'amawanga amalala. Kkampuni ya China eyitibwa JCHX Mining erina obuyinza ku bitundu 80% mu birombe bya Lubambe Copper Mines eya Zambia, nga ZCCM erina ebitundu 20% ebisigaddeyo. Embeera ez'obulabe abalombe ze bakoleramu, emisaala emitono n'okutulugunya abakozi mu kampuni za China bye bimu kunsonga ezaviirako obutakkanya mu by'obufuzi mu Zambia. Okwongereza ku kikomo, eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisimibwa mu Zambia mulimu zaabu (ekirombe kye Kansanshi ), manganeeti (ekirombe kya Serenje), ne nikule (ekirombr kye Munali), awamu n'amayinja ag'omuwendo (okusingira ddala amayinja nga amethyst, beryl, emerald, ne tourmaline).

Eby'obulimi n'ebyobulunzi

Obulimi n'obulunzi bikola omulimu munene nnyo mu by'enfuna bya Zambia nga biwa abantu bangi emirimu okusinga eby'okusima eby'obugagga eby'omu ttaka. Omuwendo omutono ogw'abalimi abazungu ab'e Zimbabwe baanirizibwa mu Zambia oluvannyuma lw'okugobwa Robert Mugabe, nga mu kiseera ekyo baali bantu nga 150 okutuuka ku 300. Baalima ebirime eby'enjawulo omuli taaba, eŋŋaano, ne kaamulali ku faamu eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziri 150. Obukugu bwe baaleeta, nga bw'ogasse n'okuggulawo eby'enfuna mu Zambia wansi w'obukulembeze bw'omugenzi Levy Mwanawasa, kigambibwa nti kyaviirako okukulaakulana mu by'obulimi mu Zambia. Mu 2004, omulundi ogwasooka mu myaka 26, Zambia yaggya ebweru kasooli omungi okusinga ku gwe yaggya ebweru. Mu Ddesemba 2019, gavumenti ya Zambia yasalawo mu ngeri emu okusimba enjaga ya cannabis olw'obujanjabi n'okugitunda ebweru w'eggwanga.

Eby'obulambuzi

Ebyobulambuzi byali ebitundu 5.8% ebya GDP ya Zambia mu 2021; ogwo gwe gwali omuwendo ogusinga obunene, ogwa 9.8%, ogwaliwo mu 2019. Eby'obulambuzi ebisinga obungi byali bikwata ku bifo ebikuumibwamu ebisolo, naddala ebikwata ku Zambia's 20 national parks and 34 game management areas. Ekifo ky'obulambuzi ekisinga obunene, Victoria Falls, kifo ekiri ku lukalala lw'ebifo by'obulambuzi eby'ensi yonna (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Oludda lwa Zambia oluliko ekiyiira mu kkumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mosi-oa-Tunya awalala we guyiira guliraanya Zimbabwe. Livingstone eliraanaganye n'ekiyiira kya victoria kyafuuka ekifo eky'obulambuzi. Ebifo ebirala ebikuumibwamu ebisolo kuliko Luangwa ey'Obukiikakkona n'ey'aObukiikaddyo, Kafue n'oluwonvu wa Luiwa. Gavumenti ya Zambia ekulakulanyiza eby'obulambuzi eng'emu ku nkola y'okukulakulanya eby'enfuna naddala mu byaalo n'okukuuma obutonde.

Amasanyalaze

Mu 2009, Zambia yakola amasannyalaze ga TWh 10.3 era ebaddeko omuwendo munene mu kukozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’amasannyalaze g’ebiyiriro. Kyokka, ku ntandikwa ya 2015, Zambia yatandika okufuna ebbula ly’amasannyalaze olw’enkuba etatonnya bulungi mu 2014/2015, ekyavaako amazzi amatono mu Kariba dam ne mu mabibiro amalala amanene. Mu Gwomwenda 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yalangirira nti ejja kussaamu ddoola obukadde 150 mu faamu y’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ya megawaati 50, awamu n’ekidiba ky’okufukirira, era nga bajja kwongera ku busobozi bw’ebitereke by’ebirime okutuuka ku ttani 80,000.

Eby'obuwamngwa

Nga Zambia ey'omulembe tennaba kutandikawo, abantu baabeeranga mu mawanga ag'enjawulo, buli limu nga lirina engeri yaalyo ey'obulamu. Ekimu ku byava mu kiseera ky'amatwale kwe kukulaakulana kw'okubeera mu bibuga. Ebika by'abantu eby'enjawulo byatandika okubeera awamu mu bibuga ne mu bibuga ebikulu, nga kino kikyusa engeri gye babeeramu. Era baatandika okukkiriza ebintu ebimu eby'obuwangwa obw'ensi yonna, naddala mu ngeri gye bambalamu n'engeri gye beeyisaamu. Eby'obuwangwa bwa Zambia ebisinga obungi bikyaliwo mu byalo, n’obuwangwa obumu obuva ebweru nga Obukristaayo. Obuwangwa obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo mu Zambia buyitibwa 'obuwangwa bwa Zambia' ate obulamu obw’awamu obukwata ku mawanga ag’enjawulo buyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia" kubanga bweyolekera mu Bannazambia kumpi bonna. Mu bibuga, waliwo okugattagatta n'okukulaakulana kw'ebyobuwangwa bino okusobola okuvaamu ekiyitibwa "obuwangwa bwa Zambia".

Zambia ekola emikolo n’obulombolombo obw’enjawulo okuva ku mikolo gy’ennono egikkirizibwa eggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku mikolo egitakkirizibwa naye nga mikulu. Emikolo n’obulombolombo ebisinga obungi bikolebwa ku mikolo egy’enjawulo okujaguza oba okujjukira ebituukiddwako, ebijaguzo, okuyitawo kw’ebiseera, okutuuza ku nnamulondo n’emikolo gy’obwa pulezidenti, okutangirira n’okutukuza, okutikkirwa, okwewaayo, okulayira okuwagira, okuyingira obufumbo, okufumbirwa, okuziika, okuzaala n’emikolo emirala.

Okufaananako amawanga ga Afirika agasinga obungi, Zambia ekola ku mikolo gyayo egy’olukale n’egyo egikolebwa mu kyama. Mu mikolo gy’olukale n’obulombolombo obukolebwa mulimu okulaga kalenda oba eby’obuwangwa eby’ebiseera ebigere, okulaga embeera, okulaga obulumi, okulagula, okutongoza, n’emikolo egya bulijjo. Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi. Okutuuka mu Ddesemba 2016, Zambia yalina emikolo gyayo egy’olukale 77 egy’obuwangwa egimanyiddwa gavumenti, era omuwendo guno gujja kweyongera mu biseera eby’omumaaso. Emikolo egikolebwa mu kyama mulimu egyo egikolebwa mu kyama nga bannaddiini nga abasumba b’ekkanisa ya Nyau ne Nakisha abazinyi n’abawi b’amagezi ku bufumbo nga alangizi abakazi. Emikolo egibaawo buli mwaka mulimu Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, ne Lyenya. Gino gye gimanyiddwa nga emikolo gy'obuwangwa bwa Zambia. Egimu ku gyo egisinga okumanyibwa gye gino: Kuomboka ne Kathanga (mu Buggwanjuba), Mutomboko (Luapula), Kulamba ne Ncwala (Buvanjuba), Lwiindi ne Shimunenga (Bukiikaddyo), Lunda Lubanza (Bukkiikakkonobwobugwanjuba), Likumbi Lyamize (Bukkikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Mbunda Lukwakwa (Bukiikakkonobwobuggwanjuba), Chibwela Kumushi (Masekkati), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Bukiikakkono).

Eby'emikono eby'ennono ebimanyiddwa ennyo mulimu okubumba, okukola ebibbo (nga Tonga baskets), entebe, eby'ambalo, emikeeka, ebifaananyi eby'omuti, ebifaananyi eby'amlyiba, eby'emikono eby'omu waya, n'eby'emikono eby'ekikomo. Ennyimba ezisinga obungi mu Zambia zeesigamiziddwa ku ngoma (n'ebyuma ebirala ebikubibwa) nga waliwo okuyimba n'okuzina kungi. Mu bibuga, ennyimba eziva mu mawanga amalala zimanyiddwa nnyo, naddala rumba eya Congo, ennyimba z'Abamerika abaddugavu n'ennyimba za Jamaica eziyitibwa reggae.

Emirimu gy'eby'emikono

Ng'oggyeko ebibumbe n'eby'emikono, Zambia erina eby'emikono eby'omulembe era ebinyuma okulaba, n'abasiizi b'ebifaananyi abakola mu kusiiga ebifaananyi, okukuba ebifaananyi, okukola ebibumbe, okukuba ebifaananyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikwatagana. Ekitongole kya Lechwe Trust, ekyatandikibwawo mu 1986, kikoze omulimu munene mu kuwagira eby'emikono mu Zambia okuyita mu buyambi, sikaala, emyoleso n'okukuŋŋaanya ebifaananyi ebiriwo mu Zambia.

Abantu ab’omugaso mu kisaawe ky’ebifaananyi mu Zambia mulimu Henry Tayali, Flinto Chandia ne Lutanda Mwamba. Chandia, eyakolanga mu mbaawo, amayinja n’ebintu eby’ekyuma, yali mmemba eyatandikawo ekibiina kya Zambia National Visual Arts Council era yakolagana n’emisomo gy’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi omuli Mbile ne Kabasa. Mwamba yali amanyiddwa naddala olw’okusiiga ebifaananyi n’okukuba ebifaananyi. Mu 2019 Lechwe Trust yategeka omwoleso ogw’okujjukira emirimu gya Chandia ne Mwamba, nga balaga ebibumbe, ebifaananyi n’ebifaananyi ebikubiddwa okumala emyaka egiwerako.

Emikutu migattabantu

Wadde eddembe ly'okwogera n'ery'amawulire gakakasibwa mu ssemateeka wa Zambia, gavumenti etera okukugira eddembe lino okuteekebwa mu nkola. Wadde ng'ekibiina ekiri mu buyinza ekya Patriotic Front kisuubizza okuleka emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti—omuli Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) n'olupapula lw'amawulire Zambia Daily Mail ne Times of Zambia—okwekolera ku by'okwogerako. Emikutu gy'amawulire egya gavumenti gye gisinga okufuga emikutu gy'amawulire, wadde ng'emikutu gy'obwannannyini mingi gisobola okutuuka ku bitundu by'abantu ebisinga obunene.

Eby'emizannyo

Emizannyo bya bulijjo mu mbeera z'abantu mu buwangwa bwa Zambia ebitwala abantu awamu okuyiga, okukulaakulanya ebitone, okusanyuka n'ebiseera eby'essanyu. Emizannyo mu Zambia mulimu emizannyo ng'omupiira, emisinde, netball, volleyball ne emizannyo egy'ekinnansi nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, nkwekula nkukwekule, walyako, ne sojo. Gino gye gimu ku mizannyo egy'ekinnansi egisobozesa enkolagana mu abantu. Ebyafaayo by'emizannyo egimu bya dda nnyo nga n'Abazambia b'ennyini tebannabaawo. Wabula, Zambia yatandika okwenyigira mu mizannyo egy'ettutumu mu nsi yonna okusinga mu mpaka za 1964 Summer Olympics.

Zambia yalangirira obwetwaze bwayo ku lunaku lw'omukolo ogw'okuggalawo emizannyo gya Olympics egya 1964 Summer Olympics, bw'etyo n'efuuka ensi esoose okwetaba mu mizannyo gya Olympics ng'eggwanga limu ate n'evaamu ng'eggwanga eddala. Mu 2016, Zambia y'enyigira mu mizannyo gya Olympics omulundi ogwa 13. Emidaali ebbiri gye gy'awangulwa. Emidaali gino gy'awangulwa mu bikonde ne mu misinde. Mu 1984 Keith Mwila yawangula omudaali gwa kikomo mu luzannya lwa light flyweight. Mu 1996 Samuel Matete yawangula omudaali gwa ffeeza mu misinde gya 400-metre hurdles. Zambia teyeetaba mu mizannyo gya Winter Olympics.

Omupiira gw'ebigere gwe muzannyo ogusinga okumanyibwa mu Zambia, era ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omupiira gw'ebigere ebadde n'ebiseera byayo eby'obuwanguzi mu byafaayo by'omupiira gw'ebigere. Mu 1988, mu mizannyo gya Summer Olympics egyali mu kibuga Seoul, ttiimu y'eggwanga yawangula ttiimu y'eggwanga eya Italy ku ggoolo 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, omuzannyi w'omupiira gw'ebigere owa Zambia asinga okumanyibwa, yateeba ggoolo ssatu mu mupiira ogwo. Wabula, okutuusa leero, abakugu bangi bagamba nti ttiimu y'eggwanga eyasinga okukola obulungi y'eyo eyafiira mu kabenje k'ennyonyi nga 28 Ogwokuna 1993 mu kabenje k'ennyonyi e Libreville, Gabon. Wabula, mu 1996, Zambia yali ku kifo kya 15 ku lukalala lw'ekibiina kya FIFA World Football Team Rankings, ekifo ekisinga okuba waggulu ku ttiimu yonna eya southern Africa. Mu 2012, Zambia yawangula ekikopo ky'omupiira gw'ebigere mu Africa omulundi ogwasooka oluvannyuma lw'okukubwa mu mpaka ez'akamalirizo emirundi ebiri. Baakuba Côte d'Ivoire ggoolo 8–7 mu penati shoot-out ku fayinolo, eyazannyibwa mu Libreville, nga mayiro ntono okuva ku kabenje k'ennyonyi emyaka 19 emabega. Ttiimu y'abakyala eya Zambia yasamba omupiira gwayo ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup mu 2023 mu Australia ne New Zealand, ttiimu ya Zambia y'emu ku nnya eziikiikirira Confederation of African Football (CAF). Baawangula omupiira gwaabwe ogusooka mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, nga Lushomo Mweemba yateeba ggoolo eyasinga okuteebwa amangu mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup, ate Barbara Banda n'ayongerako ggoolo eya 1,000 mu mpaka za FIFA Women's World Cup.

Rugby Union, ebikonde ne cricket nabyo mizannyo egimanyiddwa ennyo mu Zambia. Gye buvuddeko, obwammemba bwa Zambia bwazzibwawo mu butongole ICC ( International Cricket Council) ku 2025. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa abazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige. Okutuusa mu 2014, ekibiina kya Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya kye kyali kikwatidde ddala ekifo ekisooka mu nsi yonna mu kuteekawo ebikondo by'ebigere ebiwanvu ennyo mu nsi yonna nga birina obuwanvu bwa ffuuti 110, inci 6 obuwanvu.. Ekyewuunyisa, mu kiseera ekimu ku ntandikwa y'emyaka gya 2000, ttiimu z'eggwanga eza rugby union, ebikonde ne cricket zaali zikulemberwa bazannyi abaazaalibwa mu ddwaliro lye limu ery'e Lusaka, George Gregan ne Corné Krige.

Rugby union mu Zambia muzannyo mutono naye ogukula. Mu kiseera kino bali mu kifo kya 73 okusinziira ku IRB era balina abazannyi abawandiise 3,650 n’ebibiina bisatu ebyategekebwa obulungi. Zambia yali ezannyira cricket ng’ekitundu kya Rhodesia. Zambia era ewaddeyo omuzannyi wa shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo ng’akiikirira Scotland mu compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008.

Mu 2011, Zambia yali ya kutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egy'omulundi ogwa kkumi, era nga mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo e Lusaka, Ndola ne Livingstone. Ekisaawe kye Lusaka kyali kyakutuuza abawagizi 70,000 saako n'ebisaawe ebirala byakutuuza abantu 50,000 buli kimu. Gavumenti yali ekubiriza abantu ab'obwannannyini okwenyigira mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo kubanga waaliwo ebbula ly'ensimbi za gavumenti ez'okukozesa mu kuzimba ebisaawe ebyo. Oluvannyuma Zambia yava mu kaweefube w'okutegeka emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011, nga bagamba nti tebalina nsimbi zimala. Bwe kityo, Mozambique yadda mu bigere bya Zambia ng'omutegeka w'emizannyo gya All-Africa egya 2011.

Zambia era yazaala omuddugavu eyasooka (Madalitso Muthiya) okuzannyira mu United States Golf Open, emu ku mpaka za golf ennya ezisinga obunene.

Mu 1989, ttiimu y'eggwanga ey'omuzannyo gw'ensero yali ekola bulungi nnyo bwe yatuuka ku mutendera ogw'okuddamu okuzannya mu mpaka za FIBA Africa Championship era bw'etyo n'ekomekkereza ng'emu ku ttiimu ekkumi ezisinga okuba ez'amaanyi mu Afirika. Mu 2017, Zambia yakyaza era n'ewangula empaka z'omupiira gw'ebigere ogwa Pan-African ogwa U-20 African Cup of Nation ogw'abazannyi abali wansi w'emyaka 20.

Ennyimba n'amazina

Obuwangwa bwa Zambia bubadde kitundu kikulu eky'enkulaakulana yaabwe oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obwetwaze nga mw'otwalidde n'okweyongera kw'ebyalo by'obuwangwa n'ebifo ebikuumirwamu ebintu eby'edda. Ennyimba ezaaleeta amazina kitundu ku nnyanjula yabwe ey'obuwangwa era kirimu obulungi n'ekitiibwa ky'obulamu mu Zambia, okuva ku butategeerekeka bw'engoma ez'okwogera okutuuka ku ngoma ya Kamangu ekozesebwa okulangirira entandikwa y'omukolo gwa Malaila ogw'obuwangwa. Amazina ng'ekikolwa kikola ng'ekintu ekigatta abantu nga bali bumu ng'ekimu ku bintu ebikolebwa mu buwangwa bwabwe.

Zamrock

Zamrock kika kya nnyimba ekyavumbulwa mu myaka gya 1970, era ekulaakulanyizza abagoberezi ab'amaanyi mu Bulaaya. Zamrock ennyonnyoddwa ng'okugatta ennyimba z'ekinnansi eza Zambia n'ennyimba ez'amaanyi eziddiŋŋana ezifaanana n'ebibinja nga Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Black Sabbath, Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, ne Cream. Ebibinja ebimanyiddwa ennyo mu kika ky'ennyimba zino mulimu Rikki Ililonga ne bbandi ye Musi-O-Tunya, WITCH, Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo, ne Paul Ngozi ne bbandi ye Ngozi Family.

Laba ne

• Ebyafaayo bya Zambia.
• Amawanga ga Africa.